Hello, my name is Mr. Williams and I'm going to be your history teacher today.

This lesson is part of a unit comparing decolonization across different parts of the British Empire.

I'm really looking forward to teaching you today, so let's get started.

By the end of today's lesson, you will be able to describe how the granting of India's independence led to the partition of the country into India and Pakistan, which was a violent process.

There are five keywords that are essential to understanding today's lesson.

They are nationalist, someone who strongly believes in and supports their own country, placing its interests above those of other nations.

Strike, when people stop working as a form of protest.

Famine, a severe shortage of food that affects a large number of people leading to widespread hunger and starvation.

Viceroy, someone appointed by a monarch or ruler to govern a territory or colony in their name.

And finally, partition, to divide into parts.

There are three parts to today's lesson.

In the first part of the lesson, we're going to be learning about the development of the Indian nationalist movement.

Since the 18th century, India had been a part of the British empire becoming known as "the jewel in the crown" of the empire due to its wealth, resources, and strategic importance.

However, by the late 19th century, Indians were increasingly demanding independence from British rule.

There was widespread anger at the way India's resources were exploited to make Britain wealthy and at racist attitudes, which meant that Indians were treated as inferior.

Calls for independence were led by educated Indians who were frustrated with a lack of opportunities and respect under British rule despite their qualifications and abilities.

In 1885, Indian nationalists established the Indian National Congress or INC to voice their demands for self-governance and political rights.

In 1921, Mahatma Gandhi became the leader of the INC.

Gandhi had emerged as a leading figure in India's independence movement, and his leadership was marked by his philosophy of nonviolent resistance and his ability to mobilise the masses through civil disobedience campaigns, which involved protesting by intentionally and peacefully breaking laws.

These campaigns played a crucial role in challenging British authority and galvanising support for India's freedom struggle.

By 1929, the INC were demanding Purna Swaraj, complete independence from British rule.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

True or false.

Gandhi used violent tactics to campaign for Indian independence.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that statement was false, but you need to be able to explain why.

So pause the video now, have a go at explaining why that statement is false and then press play when you're ready to see our model justification.

Okay, to explain why that statement was false, you might have said, Gandhi's campaign for Indian independence was based on his belief in nonviolent resistance, which included civil disobedience.

Well done if you came up with something similar.

Let's do another quick check of your understanding.

What were the Indian National Congress demanding when they called for Purna Swaraj? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see our model answer.

You were asked what were the Indian National Congress demanding when they called for Purna Swaraj and your answer may include, Purna Swaraj was a demand that India should be completely independent from British rule.

Well done if you got that correct.

Demands for independence increased during the Second World War in which two and a half million Indians fought for Britain.

India's significant contribution of men and resources to the British war effort highlighted the gap between the sacrifices made by Indians and their lack of political rights.

In 1942, Gandhi led the Quit India Movement demanding an immediate end to British rule in India.

A wave of strikes and protests swept India and Gandhi and other INC leaders were arrested.

In 1943, a devastating famine in Bengal killed between two and three million Indians.

Many Indians blamed British policies for causing the famine and not doing enough to help the victims, and this only fueled further anger and demands for independence.

After World War II ended in 1945, strikes and protests against British war continued.

In 1946, there was a naval mutiny amongst Indian sailors stationed on ships of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay, now Mumbai.

The mutiny was sparked by anger over poor pay, harsh working conditions and racial discrimination within the Navy where Indian sailors received lower wages and more often overlooked for promotions.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

Indian nationalists stopped campaigning for independence during the Second World War.

Is this true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that was false, but let's see if you can justify why.

So pause the video now.

Have a go at explaining why the statement is false and then press play when you're ready to see our model justification.

Okay, so you could have said that the statement was false because demands for independence increase during the Second World War.

In 1942, Gandhi led the Quit India Movement, which involves strikes and protests demanding an immediate end to British rule.

Well done if you came out with something similar.

Let's do another quick check of your understanding.

Why did the 1943 famine in Bengal lead to increased support for Indian independence? Pause the video now.

Have a go at answering the question and press play when you're ready to see our model response.

Okay.

You were asked to explain why the famine in Bengal in 1943 increased support for Indian independence, and you may have written, the Bengal famine resulted in the death of between two to three million Indians.

Many people blamed British policies for causing the famine and were angry that the British did little to help the people that were affected.

This led to increased support for Indian independence.

Well done if you wrote something similar.

You are now ready for the first practise task of today's lesson.

The events on the screen are in the incorrect order, and I'd like you to place them in the correct chronological order.

So pause the video now, have a go at putting the events in the correct order and then press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that first practise task.

You were asked to place the events in the correct chronological order, which is as follows.

Indian nationalists founded the Indian National Congress or INC.

Gandhi became leader of the INC.

The INC demanded Purna Swaraj.

The Second World War began.

Gandhi led the Quit India movement.

A famine in Bengal killed between two and three million Indians.

And then finally, the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in Bombay occurs.

Well done if you've got those events in the correct order.

We're now ready to move on to the second part of today's lesson in which we're going to be learning about the events that led to the partition of India after the Second World War.

After World War II ended, it became clear that Britain was no longer powerful enough to retain control of India and had no choice but to support independence.

Although, the vast majority of Indians wanted independence, the issue was complicated by tensions between India's Hindu and Muslim populations, which were increasingly escalating into violence by 1945.

In 1945, India had a population of approximately 385 million people.

Hindu is a comprised 85% of the population while Muslims accounted for 10%.

The third largest religious group was Sikhs who lived mostly in the Punjab region and accounted for approximately 2% of the population.

Many Indian Muslims feared that an independent India would be dominated by Hindus and that they would be discriminated against.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

Approximately what percentage of India's population were Muslim in 1945? Was it A, 5% B, 10%, C, 15%, or D, 20%? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

The correct answer is B.

In 1945, approximately 10% of India's population were Muslim.

Well done if you got that correct.

In 1906, due to concerns that the INC was dominated by Hindus, the Muslim League had been established to represent Muslim interests.

In 1940, in an announcement that has become known as the Lahore Declaration.

The Muslim league's leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded a separate independent state for India's Muslim population.

Pakistan.

The name for the proposed country came from joining together the names of the five northern regions of British India.

In August, 1946, Jinnah organised a general strike in support for the creation of Pakistan.

The strike led to clashes between Hindus and Muslims with the Muslim League and the INC blaming one another for the violence that resulted.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

The paragraph on the screen contains some errors and is incorrect.

I want you to identify and correct the mistakes in the paragraph.

So pause the video now.

Have a go at doing that and press play when you're ready to go through the corrected paragraph.

Okay, well done for your hard work on that task.

You are asked to identify and then correct the mistakes in the paragraph and the corrected paragraph should read as follows.

The Muslim League was established in 1906 to represent Muslim interest in India.

In 1940, the leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded a separate state called Pakistan for India's Muslim population.

This demand was known as the Lahore Declaration.

In August, 1946, Jinnah organised a strike in support of the creation of Pakistan.

Well done if you found and corrected all of those mistakes.

Let's do another quick check of your understanding.

Alex has said, "By 1946, tensions between India's Hindu and Muslim populations were getting worse." How could he support this view? I want you to discuss this with a partner.

So pause the video now, have a conversation with your partner and press play when you're ready to see our model response.

Okay.

Welcome back.

I hope that was a useful discussion.

You are asked to discuss how Alex could support his point that by 1946, tensions between India's Hindu and Muslim populations were getting worse.

And you could have said something like this.

By 1946, tensions were increasingly escalating into violence.

For example, there were violent clashes between Hindus and Muslims after Jinnah strike in support of the creation of Pakistan.

Well done if you came up with something similar.

In March, 1947, Lord Mountbatten was appointed as the last British Viceroy of India.

His instructions were to organise the transfer of path from British rule to Indian independence.

On the 3rd of June, 1947, Mountbatten announced his plan.

India would become independent on the 15th of August, 1947.

The country would be partitioned into two new states, India, which would have a majority Hindu population and Pakistan, which would have a majority Muslim population.

Pakistan would be divided into two geographically separate regions, east Pakistan and West Pakistan.

The borders of the new countries were drawn up in five weeks by a British lawyer called Cyril Radcliffe, who had never previously visited India and who had little knowledge of the country.

Radcliffe's hurried decisions led to the creation of borders that divided communities, families, and even villages causing immense confusion, violence and the displacement of millions of people.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

Mountbatten's plan to partition India involved dividing India into East India and West India.

Is this true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that was false, but let's see if you can justify why.

So pause the video now.

Have a go at explaining why the statement's false and press play when you're ready to see our model justification.

Okay, so to explain why the statement's false, you could have said Mountbatten's plan involved partitioning India into two countries, India and Pakistan.

Pakistan would be made up of two separate regions, east Pakistan and West Pakistan.

Well done if you came out with something similar.

Let's do another quick check.

What was Cyril Radcliffe's involvement in the partition of India and what problems did it cause? Pause the video now.

Have a go at answering the question and press play when you're ready to see our model response.

Okay, well done for your hard work on that question.

You were asked to explain Cyril Radcliffe's involvement in the partition process and the problems it caused, and you could have written something like this.

As part of Mountbatten's plan to partition India, Cyril Radcliffe was responsible for drawing up the borders for India and Pakistan.

This caused problems because Radcliffe had very little knowledge of India, and so his borders divided communities, villages, and even families.

Later, this led to violent clashes and the displacement of millions of people.

Well done if you wrote something similar.

You are now ready for the second practise task of today's lesson, and I want you to write one paragraph to explain Viceroy Lord Mountbatten's plan to partition India in 1947.

You should use the following words in your answer.

Partition, Muslim, Hindu, east, west, and Cyril Radcliffe.

Pause the video now.

Have a go at writing your paragraph and press play when you're ready to see our model answer.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that second practise task.

You are asked to write one paragraph to explain Viceroy Lord Mountbatten's plan to partition India in 1947 and your paragraph could have read something like this.

Lord Mountbatten proposed a partition of India into two new nations, India, which would have a Hindu majority population, and Pakistan which would have a Muslim majority population.

Pakistan would be divided into two separate regions, West Pakistan and East Pakistan and the borders of the new countries were drawn up by the British lawyer Cyril Radcliffe, who had a little knowledge of India.

Well done if you wrote something similar for your paragraph.

We're now ready to move on to the third and final part of today's lesson in which we'll be learning about the consequences of partition.

On the 15th of August, 1947, Britain stopped ruling India and the plan for the partition of India was implemented.

Partition resulted in mass migration as Hindus and Muslims fearing violence and persecution from the other community, tried to move to areas where their religious community was in the majority.

Fears of violence were not misplaced.

Fueled by a combination of fear, hatred and revenge, communities turned on each other.

Armed gangs of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs roam the streets killing, raping and burning.

Some of the worst violence was in cities close to the new borders like Lahore and Kolkata.

In some instances, trains full of people attempting to flee were attacked and the passengers butchered.

On the 30th of January, 1948, Gandhi was shot dead by a Hindu nationalist who was angry about his cause for peace and cooperation with Muslims and an end to the violence.

By the end of 1948, around 14 to 15 million people had been displaced.

2 million people had been murdered and an estimated 75,000 women had suffered sexual violence.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

Why did partition lead to mass migration and the displacement of millions of people? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see our model response.

You were asked to explain why partition led to mass migration and the displacement of millions of people, and you could have written something like this.

Partition led to mass migration and the displacement of millions of people because Hindus and Muslims attempted to move to where their religious community was in the majority.

Many Muslims moved to East or West Pakistan while many Hindus living in these areas moved to places which were within India's new borders.

Well done if you wrote something similar.

Let's do another quick check.

Approximately how many people were displaced and how many were murdered during partition? Is it A eight to nine million displaced and one million murdered.

B, 11 to 12 million people displaced and one million murdered.

C, 14 to 15 million people displaced and two million murdered or D, 19 to 20 million displaced and three million murdered.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay.

The correct answer is C, during partition 14 to 15 million people were displaced and two million people were murdered.

Well done if you got that correct.

Partition did not solve the problems in the region.

In 1971, due to cultural differences and anger about discrimination and underrepresentation in government, East Pakistan sought independence from West Pakistan.

This led to a brutal conflict known as the Bangladesh Liberation war.

In this conflict, East Pakistan with support from India successfully fought for its independence becoming the new country of Bangladesh.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

The paragraph on the screen contains some errors and is incorrect.

I want you to identify and correct the mistakes in the paragraph.

So pause the video now, have a go at doing that and press play when you're ready to go through the corrected paragraph.

Okay, well done for your hard work on that task.

You were asked to identify and correct the mistakes in the paragraph and the corrected paragraph should read as follows.

In 1971, East Pakistan sought independence from West Pakistan.

This led to a brutal conflict known as the Bangladesh Liberation war.

During this war, India supported East Pakistan to win the war and become independent as Bangladesh.

Well done if you found and corrected all of those mistakes.

Partition created a legacy of mistrust and hostility between India and Pakistan and numerous ongoing territorial disputes.

The most serious of these disputes centres on the region of Kashmir.

India and Pakistan each control a part of Kashmir, but each country claims the territory in its entirety.

As a consequence, India and Pakistan have gone to war over control of Kashmir twice since partition, and it is a source of enduring tension between the two countries.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

Since partition, India and Pakistan have gone to war over control of Kashmir.

Is this true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that was true, but let's see if you can justify why.

So pause the video now, explain why that statement is true, and then press play when you're ready to see our model respose.

Okay.

To justify that statement, you could have said, Kashmir is an ongoing source of conflict between India and Pakistan who both claim control of the region.

Well done if you wrote something similar.

You are now ready for the third and final practise task of today's lesson.

I want you to read Izzy's judgement about the consequences of partition.

Izzy said, "Partition was a violent process that had serious short term and longer term consequences." How far do you agree? I want you to explain your view in one paragraph.

So pause the video now, have a go at writing your paragraph and then press play when you're ready to go through our model response.

Great work on that final practise task.

You are asked to write a paragraph to say how far you agreed with Izzy's judgement that partition was a violent process with serious short term and longer term consequences, and your answer may have included, "I strongly agree with Izzy's judgement.

In the short, term partition resulted in the displacement of 14 to 15 million people, the murder of 2 million and an estimated 75,000 women experiencing sexual violence.

Partition also led to conflict and violence in the longer term.

For example, in 1971, East Pakistan fought a war of independence to become Bangladesh.

In addition, partition led to ongoing hostility between India and Pakistan, which has resulted in the two countries going to war over control of Kashmir." Well done if the paragraph you wrote is similar to the model answer that we've just gone through.

We're at the end of our lesson now, so it's a good opportunity for us to pause and recap our key learning points.

India had a strong nationalist movement by the start of the 20th century and World War II increased demands for independence.

Tensions between Hindus and Muslims escalated after World War II, and India's Muslim population demanded their own state, Pakistan.

In 1947, India was partitioned into two states, India and Pakistan.

Partition resulted in the displacement of 14 to 15 million people and the murder of two million people.

In 1971, with support from India, East Pakistan fought a brutal conflict to become the independent nation of Bangladesh.

And finally, partition created a legacy of hostility and mistrust between India and Pakistan and ongoing territorial conflicts, for example, over Kashmir.

It's been a pleasure to teach you today.

I hope you've enjoyed the lesson and I look forward to teaching you again soon.