Hello, my name is Mr. Williams and I'm going to be your history teacher today.

This lesson is part of a unit comparing decolonization across different parts of the British Empire.

I'm really looking forward to teaching you today, so let's get started.

By the end of today's lesson, you will be able to explain why the decolonization process in Palestine led to substantial conflict.

There are five keywords essential to understanding today's lesson.

They are Zionist: someone who supports the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine; a movement for the protection of the state of Israel.

Mandate: an official order giving a country or governing body the authority to manage and control a specific area of land.

Revolt: an organised effort by a group of people to resist or overthrow the authority or government in power.

Partition: to divide into parts.

And finally, paramilitary: an organised force that acts like a military unit but is not an official part of a country's armed forces.

Today's lesson is split into three parts.

In this first part of the lesson, we'll learn about the British occupation of Palestine and how the British helped to increase tension between Jews and Arabs over Palestine, due to their conflicting promises.

Britain occupied Palestine during the First World War.

As part of the conflict, the British fought against the Ottoman Empire, which had controlled Palestine since 1517.

The most important city in Palestine was Jerusalem, which was a holy city for Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

In 1917, Jerusalem was captured by British forces led by General Edmund Allenby.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

Before it was occupied by the British, which empire had Palestine been a part of? Was it A: the French Empire, B: the German Empire, C: the Ottoman Empire, or D: the Persian Empire? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, very well done if you said that the correct answer was C, before it was occupied by the British, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1917, Palestine had a population of about 700,000 people.

Approximately 90% were Arab Muslims, but there were also significant minority communities of Arab Christians and Jews.

The Jewish population in 1917 was very small, about 60,000, but it had been increasing since the late 19th century, due to the Zionist movement, a movement in favour of a Jewish state in Palestine and Jewish people migrating to escape persecution in Europe.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

In 1917, the Jewish population of Palestine was increasing.

Is that true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that was true, but let's see if you can justify that response.

So pause the video now, have a go explaining why the statement is true, and then press play when you're ready to see a model justification.

Okay, to support why the statement is true, you could have said that the Jewish population was increasing because Jews were leaving Europe to escape persecution, and the Zionist movement encouraged Jewish migration to Palestine.

Well done if you came up with something similar.

After the end of World War I, Britain had continued to occupy Palestine.

To gain the support of different groups in Palestine against the Ottomans, the British had made several conflicting promises.

The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence was a series of letters exchanged between July, 1915 and March, 1916, between Sir Henry McMahon, a British official, and Hussein Ben Ali, the Sharif or ruler of Mecca.

In these letters, Britain promised to support the creation of an independent Arab state, which would include Palestine, in exchange for Arab assistance in fighting the Ottoman Empire.

This promise created expectations of independence among Arabs.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

True or false? The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence increased Arab hopes that Britain would support the creation of an Arab state.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that was true, but can you justify why? Pause the video now, have a go at explaining why the statement is true and then press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, to justify why that statement is true, you could have said: "In the correspondence, Britain promised to support the creation of an independent Arab state, which would include Palestine, in exchange for Arab assistance in fighting the Ottoman Empire." Well done if you came up with something similar.

The Sykes-Picot Agreement was a secret pact made between Britain and France in May, 1916.

It aimed to divide up the Ottoman Empire's territories in the Middle East into spheres of influence for each country after World War I.

This agreement undermined earlier promises of Arab independence, including those made in the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

The Sykes-Picot Agreement was a secret deal made between Britain and which other European country? Was it A: France, B: Germany, C: Russia, or D: Spain? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, very well done if you said that the correct answer was France.

Finally, the Balfour Declaration, which was issued by the British government on the 2nd of November, 1917, expressed support for the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

It was significant because it marked the first official statements backing the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and conflicted with promises made to the Arab population.

These conflicting promises led to deep mistrust and tensions between Arabs and Jews in Palestine, and ultimately fueled decades of conflict and competing claims to the land.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

Why was the Balfour Declaration so significant? Pause the video now, press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, you were asked why the Balfour Declaration was so significant? And your answer may include: "The Balfour Declaration was significant because it was one of the first official statements backing the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and it conflicted with promises made to the Arab population." Well done if you wrote something similar.

You are now ready for the first practise task of today's lesson.

I want you to write one paragraph to explain how British actions during World War I helped to create tension between Arabs and Jews over Palestine.

In your answer, you should refer to the following: the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Balfour Declaration.

You could begin your answer, "During World War I, the British created tension between Arabs and Jews over Palestine by making conflicting promises." So pause the video now, have a go at writing your paragraph, and when you're ready to compare your answer with a model response, press play.

Great effort on that first practise task.

You were asked to write a paragraph explaining how British actions during World War I helped to create tension between Arabs and Jews over Palestine, and your answer may include: "During World War I, the British created tension between Arabs and Jews over Palestine by making conflicting promises.

Firstly, in the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence, the British promised support for an independent Arab state that included Palestine.

This was undermined by the Sykes-Picot Agreement, which was a secret deal to divide up the Middle East into French and British spheres of influence.

The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence was then contradicted by the Balfour Declaration, which expressed British government support for a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

Well done for all of your hard work on that first practise task, and well done if your answer looks similar to the model answer that we've just gone through.

We're now ready to move on to the second part of this lesson, and in the second part of the lesson, we're going to be focusing on the consequences of the Balfour Declaration.

In 1920, the League of Nations gave Britain a mandate over Palestine, which was formally approved in 1922.

Following this decision, the British government decided to implement the Balfour Declaration, which became an official policy of the British government and influenced their administration of Palestine during the mandate period.

During the 1920s and 1930s, an increasing number of Jews migrated to Palestine with support from the British government.

This caused widespread anger amongst Palestinian Arabs who believed that their land and livelihoods were under threat.

In 1920, violence erupted in Jerusalem, primarily due to tensions between Arab and Jewish communities.

There was similar violence in Jaffa in 1921.

To try and manage tensions, the British authorities attempted to divide up the land between Arabs and Jews.

For example, in 1921, the land on the outskirts of Jerusalem was divided up into separate zones for Jews and Arabs.

The division was part of the British attempt to manage competing claims to land in Palestine, but it only contributed to growing tensions between Jews and Arabs over land ownership and use.

Let's check your understanding.

The paragraph on the screen contains some errors and is incorrect.

I want you to identify and correct the mistakes.

So pause the video now, have a go at doing that and press play when you're ready to see the corrected paragraph.

Okay, well done for all your efforts on that task.

You were asked to identify ad correct the mistakes in the paragraph, and the corrected paragraph should read as follows: "After Britain was given a mandate over Palestine, the British government decided to implement the Balfour Declaration.

As a result, Jewish migration to Palestine increased during the 1920s and '30s.

This caused widespread anger amongst Palestine's existing Arab population.

Well done if you managed to find and correct those mistakes.

After the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Jewish migration to Palestine increased significantly as Jews sought to escape Nazi persecution.

Tensions between Arabs and Jews escalated as many Arabs were forced to leave their land and move to cities where the living conditions were poor.

On the 19th of April, 1936, Palestinian Arabs went on strike to protest against Jewish immigration and the policies of the British authorities.

When the authorities attempted to use British soldiers to force the striking workers back to their jobs, it sparked an uprising known as the Great Arab Revolt.

During the revolt, Palestinian Arabs attacked Jewish settlements, British military bases and government offices.

The British responded harshly, using violent methods to interrogate suspected rebels and destroying entire Arab villages if they suspected them of hiding rebels.

By the time the Great Arab Revolt ended in 1939, at least 5,000 Palestinian Arabs had been killed.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

In the 1930s, there was an increase in tension between Arabs and Jews living in Palestine.

Is this true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that was true, but let's see if you can justify that response.

So pause the video now, have a go at explaining why that statement is true, and when you're ready to see a model justification, press play.

Okay, to justify why that statement is true, you could have said: "There was an increase in tension between Arabs and Jews because Jewish migration to Palestine increased significantly after the Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933." Well done if you came up with something similar.

Let's do another quick check of your understanding.

In what year did the Great Arab Revolt begin? Was it A: 1933, B: 1934, C: 1935: or D: 1936? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, the correct answer is D: 1936.

Well done if you got that correct.

You are now ready for the second practise task of today's lesson.

For this practise task, I want you to complete the table to show how an increase in Jewish migration to Palestine before World War II led to an increase in tensions.

In the first column of the table, you've got two events, the Balfour Declaration and the Nazis coming to power in Germany in 1933.

For each event, I want you to answer the question, why did it lead to an increase in Jewish migration to Palestine? And then for each event, I want you to give some evidence of increased tensions in Palestine.

Pause the video now, have a good at completing the table, and when you're ready to compare your table to a model response, press play.

Well done for all of your hard work on that second practise task.

You were asked to complete the table to show how an increase in Jewish migration to Palestine before World War II led to an increase in tensions.

Let's have a look at what you could have written.

So for the first row, we've got the event the Balfour Declaration of 1917, and why did it lead to an increase in Jewish migration to Palestine? You could have written: "The British government adopted it as official policy and encouraged Jewish migration to Palestine, 'a national home for the Jewish people.

'" In terms of evidence for increased tensions in Palestine, you could have written: "Widespread anger amongst Palestinian Arabs led to riots in Jerusalem in 1920 and Jaffa in 1921." If we look at the second event you were asked to consider, the Nazis coming to power in Germany, for the question, "why did it lead to an increase in Jewish migration to Palestine?", you could have written: "There was a significant increase in Jewish migration as European Jews sought to escape from Nazi persecution." And then in terms of evidence of increased tensions in Palestine, you could have written: "Palestinian Arabs were forced to leave their land.

Anger led to an uprising known as the Great Arab Revolt." Well done for all of your hard work on that second practise task and well done if your completed table looks similar to the one that we've just gone through.

In this third and final part of today's lesson, we're going to learn about the establishment of Israel and the first Arab-Israeli war that followed in 1948.

By 1939, the British government had decided to leave Palestine.

There were different ideas about the best way to do this.

Some advocated for the partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, while others argued for the joint rule of Palestine by Palestinian Arabs and Jews.

In September, 1939, before any decisions could be finalised, World War II began and all planning for a British exit had to be postponed.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

By 1939, the British had decided to leave Palestine and agreed a plan for how it should be governed when they left.

Is this true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that was false, but let's see if you can justify that response.

So pause the video now, have a go at explaining why that's false, and then press play when you're ready to see a model justification.

Okay, to justify why that statement is false, you could have written: "By 1939, the British had decided to leave Palestine, but they had not agreed how it should be governed after they left.

Some supported the idea of partition, but a decision had to be postponed because World War II began." Well done if you came up with something similar.

After World War II, pressure for a Jewish state in Palestine increased because of the Holocaust, during which, six million Jews were murdered by the Nazis.

For many, the Holocaust suggested the need for a Jewish state and international sympathy and support for the Zionist cause grew significantly.

As they attempted to prevent conflict between Jews and Arabs from escalating, the British struggled to maintain stability and control in Palestine.

In 1946, a Zionist paramilitary group called the Irgun, killed 91 people when they bombed the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, which was the headquarters of the British administration.

The attack was in response to British policies limiting Jewish immigration to Palestine and restricting Jewish settlement.

The Irgun aimed to drive the British out of Palestine to pave the way for an independent Jewish state.

Let's check your understanding.

After the Second World War, international sympathy and support for the Zionist cause increased.

Is this true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that that statement was true, but can you justify that response? Pause the video now, explain why the statement is true, and then press play when you're ready to see a model answer.

Okay, to justify why the statement is true, you could have written: "During the Second World War, six million Jewish people had been murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust.

This led to an increase in support for a Jewish state in Palestine.

Well done if you wrote something similar.

Let's do another quick check of your understanding.

Who were the Irgun and why did they bomb the King David Hotel in Jerusalem in 1946? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, so you were asked who the Irgun were and why they bombed the King David Hotel in Jerusalem in 1946? And your answer may include: "The Irgun were a Zionist paramilitary group.

They bombed the King David Hotel in Jerusalem in 1946 because they wanted to force the British to leave Palestine so they could establish an independent Jewish state.

They were angry with the British authorities for trying to limit the number of Jewish people who could migrate to and settle in Palestine." Well done if you wrote something similar to the model answer that we've just gone through.

In 1947 the British referred the issue of Palestine to the newly formed United Nations, or UN, and they sought their help to resolve the conflict.

The UN proposed a partition plan to create separate Jewish and Arab states with the Holy City of Jerusalem under international control.

Although the plan was accepted by Jewish leaders, Palestinian Arabs rejected any partition, and this led to a fresh outbreak of violence.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

Which of these most accurately describes the response to the UN's 1947 plan to partition Palestine? A: It was rejected by Arab leaders and accepted by Jewish leaders.

B: It was rejected by Jewish leaders and accepted by Arab leaders, or C: It was rejected by both Arab leaders and Jewish leaders.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you selected that the correct answer was A: the UN's partition plan was rejected by Arab leaders and accepted by Jewish leaders.

On the 14th of May, 1948, the British withdrew from Palestine and David Ben Gurion, a leader of the Zionist movement, announced the creation of Israel, an independent Jewish state.

The next day, the first Arab-Israeli war began as neighbouring Arab states invaded Israel in an attempt to put an end to its existence.

During the 1948 war, many Palestinian Arabs fled or expelled from their homes, leading to a refugee crisis.

After Israel's victory in 1949, thousands more Palestinian Arabs were forced to leave their homes.

This forced displacement of between 700,000 and 800,000 Palestinian Arabs during the creation of Israel, is known in Arabic as the "Nakba", meaning "catastrophe".

British rule in Palestine, which lasted from 1917 to 1948, fueled tensions by making conflicting promises to both Jews and Arabs about the future of their land.

This created deep divisions and set the stage for the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict that continues to this day.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

What caused the outbreak of the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, you were asked "What caused the outbreak of the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948?", and your answer may include: "On the 14th of May, 1948, David Ben Gurion announced the establishment of the Jewish state of Israel in Palestine.

The first Arab-Israeli war began when several Arab nations invaded to destroy the new Jewish state." Well done if you wrote something similar.

Let's do another quick check of your understanding.

In the context of Palestine, what does the Arabic term "Nakba" refer to? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, you were asked to explain what the Arabic term "Nakba" means in the context of Palestine, and your answer may include: "The term 'Nakba' means 'catastrophe' in Arabic.

In the context of Palestine, it refers to the forced displacement of between 700,000 and 800,000 Palestinian Arabs during the creation of the state of Israel." Well done if you wrote something similar.

We're now ready to move on to the third and final task of today's lesson, and for this final practise task, I want you to write one paragraph to describe the events from 1945 that led to the outbreak of the first Arab-Israeli war.

You should use the following words in your narrative: holocaust, the Irgun, the United Nations, partition, and Israel.

Pause the video now, have a go at writing your paragraph, and then press play when you're ready to compare your paragraph to a model response.

Okay, fantastic effort on that final practise task.

You were asked to write a paragraph to describe the events from 1945 that led to the outbreak of the first Arab-Israeli war, and your answer may include: "After 1945, pressure for a Jewish state in Palestine increased because of the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust.

The British found it difficult to keep control of Palestine.

In 1946, a Zionist paramilitary group known as the Irgun killed 91 people when they bombed the King David Hotel in an attempt to force the British to leave.

In 1947, the United Nations came up with a plan to partition Palestine, but it was rejected by Arab leaders.

On the 14th of May, 1948, the British withdrew, and on the same day, Israel declared its independence.

The next day, Arab nations invaded and began the first Arab-Israeli war." Well done for all of your hard work on that final practise task and well done if you've written a narrative paragraph that looks similar to the model answer that we've just gone through.

We're at the end of our lesson now, so it's a good opportunity for us to pause and recap our key learning points.

During World War I, Britain occupied Palestine and caused problems by making conflicting promises to different groups of people.

After the war, Britain was given a mandate over Palestine and allowed Jewish migration, which increased tensions between Arabs and Jews, and resulted in the Great Arab Revolt of 1936 to 1939.

After the Holocaust, there was an increase in Zionist support for a Jewish state in Palestine, and Jewish migration to Palestine increased significantly.

In 1947, the UN proposed a partition of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states.

Arab leaders rejected the proposal.

In 1948, Israel declared independence, leading to the first Arab-Israeli war, which was won by Israel.

It's been a real pleasure to teach you today.

I hope you've enjoyed the lesson, and I look forward to teaching you again soon.