Hello, my name is Mr. Williams and I'm going to be your history teacher today.

This lesson is part of a unit comparing decolonization across different parts of the British Empire.

I'm really looking forward to teaching you today, so let's get started.

By the end of today's lesson, you will able to explain the role of nationalist movements in achieving independence for Britain's colonies in Africa, there are four keywords essential to understanding today's lesson.

They are decolonization, the process by which colonies ruled by an empire achieve independence.

Self-government, when people in a community or region make their own decisions about laws, policies, and leadership without outside control.

Nationalist, someone who strongly believes in and supports their own country, placing its interests above those of other nations and guerilla, warfare that involves using surprise attacks and hit and run tactics to fight a larger, more traditional military force.

Today's lesson is split into three parts.

In this first part of the lesson, we're going to be learning about how African nationalist movements grew in strength after the second World War and how demands for independence intensified.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the British Empire established control over vast areas of Africa, making it one of the largest colonial powers on the continent.

After the second World War, British leaders hoped that their colonies would continue providing valuable resources and goods in exchange for promises of eventual self-government.

However, this strategy proved to be unsustainable and the British empire experienced significant decolonization.

British efforts to keep control of their empire failed for several reasons.

Fighting World War II had weakened Britain significantly.

By 1945, Britain is deeply in debt and reliant on American support.

As a consequence, Britain struggled to afford the cost of the empire, particularly since there was a need to focus limited funds on priorities at home, such as the New National Health Service, the NHS.

Moreover, although Britain and the USA were close allies, the Americans encouraged independence movements because they wanted newly independent countries to join their side in the Cold War, finally, colonised people had always resisted British rule, but after the war, nationalist movements across the British Empire grew in strength and demands for independence intensified.

In 1960, the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan acknowledged the inevitability of independence for Britain's African colonies in his famous Wind of change Speech in which he said, "The wind of change is blown through this continent whether we like it or not.

Let's take a moment to check our understanding.

By 1945, the British government had accepted that they could not keep control of their empire in Africa.

Is this statement true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that statement was false, but can you justify why? Pause the video now have a go at explaining why the statement's false and then press play when you're ready to see a model justification.

Okay to explain why that statement's false you could have said, in 1945, the British government still hoped to retain control of its African colonies by granting them limited self-government.

Well done if you came up with something similar.

Let's do another quick check of your understanding.

I want you to make a list of why Britain was unable to retain control of its colonies in Africa after the Second World War.

I want you to discuss this with a partner and aim to identify at least three reasons.

So pause the video now, talk to your partner and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, welcome back.

I hope that conversation was useful.

You were asked to make a list of why Britain was unable to retain control of its colonies in Africa after the Second World War, and you could have come up with the following.

Fighting in World War II significantly weakened Britain.

Britain needed to spend money on other priorities.

For example, the NHS, African nationalist movements work to achieve independence and the USA encouraged African nationalist movements.

Well done if you came up with a list of reasons that looks similar to the one on the screen, let's do a final quick check of your understanding.

Which of the statements best represents the main point Macmillan was making in his wind of change speech in 1960? Was it A, Britain will fight to keep control of its empire? B, Britain will expand its empire, or C, Britain can no longer keep control of its empire.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, the correct answer was Britain can no longer keep control of its empire.

Well done if you got that correct.

The Pan-African movement was a nationalist movement that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

It aimed to achieve the decolonization and independence of African nations while promoting African culture, economic empowerment, and political cooperation.

In October, 1945, just months after the end of World War II, 200 leaders of independence movements, including many from across the British Empire, met in Manchester for the Pan-African Congress.

This meeting was crucial as it focused on taking action for African independence and brought together future nationalist leaders who had helped their countries gain freedom from British rule.

Two of those present were Kwame Nkrumah who had become the first prime minister and later president of Ghana and Jomo Kenyatta who had become the first president of Kenya.

Let's take a quick moment to check your understanding.

I want you to discuss this with the partner.

Why was the October 1945 meeting of the Pan-African Congress in Manchester so important? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, welcome back.

I hope you had a useful conversation with your partner.

You were asked to discuss why was the October 1945 meeting of the Pan-African Congress in Manchester so important, and you may have come up with something like this.

The meeting brought together 200 nationalist leaders from across the British Empire.

The meeting focused on taking action to achieve independence and brought together leaders like Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta who had helped their countries to achieve independence from British rule.

Well done if you came up with something similar to this.

You're now ready for the first practise task of today's lesson.

Andeep has said, after the second mud war, the only reason Britain was unable to keep control of its empire in Africa was because of the growing strength of the nationalist movement.

I want you to briefly explain why Andeep is incorrect.

In your answer, you should use the following words, nationalist, weakened priorities in USA.

So pause the video now, have a go at writing your explanation, and then press play when you're ready to compare your answer to a model response.

Well done for all of your hard work on that first practise task, you were asked to explain why Andeep was incorrect when he said that the only reason that Britain was unable to keep control of its African empire was because of the growing strength of the Nationalist movement, and you might have written something like this.

Although the growing strength of the Nationalist movement was a major reason why Britain was unable to keep control of its empire in Africa, it was not the only reason, Britain had been weakened by the Second World War and there was a need to focus limited funds on different priorities such as the NHS.

Moreover, the USA made it difficult for Britain to keep control of its empire by supporting nationalist movements so that it would have allies in the Cold War.

Well done if your answer looks similar to the model answer that we've just gone through.

We're now ready to move on to the second part of today's lesson in which we're going to be learning about how Ghana achieved independence from the British Empire.

When Ghana first became part of the British Empire in 1874, it was known as the Gold Coast.

Due to the abundance of goldmines in the area.

After the Second World War, the Gold Coast experienced economic difficulties like inflation and unemployment.

Living conditions for many people in the Gold Coast became more difficult and this increased dissatisfaction with British rule.

On the 28th of February, 1948, a group of ex soldiers who had fought for Britain and World War II, marched to the British Governor's office in Accra, the capital of the Gold Coast, to demand better treatment and benefits, the police responded by firing on the unarmed peaceful protestors and killing three.

This action sparked five days of rioting in Accra, known as the Accra riots and led to a surge in support for independence.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding, I want you to discuss this with a partner.

What happened in the Gold Coast on the 28th of February, 1948 that led to an increase in support for independence? Pause the video now, talk to your partner and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, welcome back, I hope that was a useful conversation with your partner.

You are asked to discuss what happened in the Gold Coast on the 28th of February, 1948 that led to an increase in support for independence, and you might have said something like this.

On the 28th of February, 1948, police in Accra, the capital of the Gold Coast, killed three ex soldiers who were part of a group peacefully protesting for better treatment and benefits.

Outrage over this killing sparked five days of rioting known as the Accra riots and led to a surge in support for independence.

Well done if you came up with something similar.

After his return to the Gold Coast in 1947, the nationalist leader, Kwame Nkrumah, became the General Secretary of the United Gold Coast Convention.

A political party dedicated to achieving independence, after the Accra riots and Nkrumah exploited public outrage and organised protests against British rule.

In 1949, he founded the Convention Peoples Party, the CPP, which adopted a more radical approach to achieving independence.

In response to growing unrest, the British government promised gradual change, but Nkrumah responded by demanding self-government now.

Nkrumah continued to organise strikes and protests against British rule, and in 1950 he was arrested and sentenced to three years in prison.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

The paragraph on the screen contained some errors and is incorrect.

I want you to identify and correct the mistakes in the paragraph, so pause the video now, have a go at doing that and press play when you're ready to go through the corrected paragraph.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task, you are asked to find and correct the mistakes in the paragraph and the corrected paragraph should read as follows.

After the Accra riots, Nkrumah founded the Convention Peoples Party, the CPP, which adopted a more radical approach to achieving independence.

When the British government promised gradual change, Nkrumah demanded self-government now.

After he continued to organise strikes and protests, Nkrumah was sentenced to three years in prison in 1950.

Well done if you found and corrected all of those mistakes.

In 1951, while Nkrumah was still in prison, elections took place for the Gold Coast Legislative Assembly, a group that was established to advise the British governor in running the country.

Nkrumah's party, the CPP, won an overwhelming victory, winning 34 out of 38 seats.

The British were forced to release in Nkrumah from prison, and the next day he became leader of the new government.

In this role in Nkrumah used the Gold Coast wealth to build new hospitals and schools and continued to campaign for full interdependence.

Eventually in 1957, the Gold Coast became the independent nation of Ghana, and Nkrumah became its first Prime Minister.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

In the 1951 elections, Nkrumah's Convention Peoples Party, the CPP won a huge victory after he was released from prison.

Is this true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that that was false, but let's see if you can explain why it's false.

So pause the video now.

Have a good explaining why the statement's false and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, to explain why the statement's false, you could have said, Nkrumah was still in prison when the CPP won a huge victory in the 1951 elections.

He was released from prison after the election victory to become the new leader of the Gold Coast.

Well done if you came up with something similar.

Let's do another quick check of your understanding.

How many seats did Nkrumah's CPP win in the 1951 elections? Was it A, three out of 38 B, 13 out of 38 C, 34 out of 38, or D, 38 out of 38? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

The correct answer is C.

In the 1951 elections, Nkrumah's CPP won 34 outta 38 seats.

Well done if you got that correct.

You are now ready for the second practise task of today's lesson.

On the screen are some key events that we've been learning about in the second part of the lesson, but they're in the wrong order.

I want you to place them in the correct chronological order, so pause the video now, have a go at doing that and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that second practise task, you are asked to place the events in the correct chronological order, which is as follows, Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast.

The acro riots happened, Nkrumah founded the Convention Peoples Party, the CPP.

Nkrumah was imprisoned for three years, the Convention Peoples Party when a landslide victory, Nkrumah became the leader of the Gold Coast.

The Gold Coast became independent and was renamed Ghana.

Well done if you managed to organise those events into the correct chronological order.

We're now ready to move to the third and final part of today's lesson in which we'll be learning about how Kenya achieved independence from the British empire.

Kenya's transition to independence was more violent than in most of Britain's African colonies.

Kenya had been a part of the British empire since 1895.

During Kenya's time as a British colony, the British government encouraged white settlers to establish large scale farms. These farms were located in Kenya's fertile highlands and used to grow cash crops such as tea and coffee.

Many Kenyans were displaced from their land and forced to work on these farms under harsh conditions.

This disrupted traditional lifestyles and caused significant economic hardship for the local population.

As opposition to British rule increased, several nationalist groups were established to fight for Kenyan independence.

One of these was the Kenya African Union, the KAU, which was led by Jomo Kenyatta from 1947.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding, the paragraph on the screen contains some errors and is incorrect.

I want you to identify and correct the mistakes in the paragraph.

So pause the video now.

Have a go at doing that and press play when you're ready to see the corrected paragraph.

Okay, well done for your hard work on that task, you are asked to find and correct the mistakes in the paragraph and the corrector paragraph should read as follows.

With encouragement and support from the British government, white settlers moved to Kenya and established large scale farms on the most fertile land where they grew cash crops like tea and coffee.

Many Kenyans were forced to leave their land and work on these farms where they were treated harshly.

Well done if you managed to find and correct all of those mistakes.

The native population of Kenya comprised several different ethnic groups.

The largest of these groups was the Gikuyu.

The majority of Gikuyu people lived in the central province, which was their traditional homeland and known for its fertile agricultural land.

By 1945, the British had caused great anger and resentment amongst the Gikuyu by forcing them to leave the most fertile land.

Kenyatta urged the Gikuyu to protest peacefully against the British authorities, but many swore a secret oath to join the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, the KLFA, known as the Mau Mau.

From 1952, the Mau Mau fought the British using guerrilla tactics.

Mau Mau fighters often launched surprise attacks on British military outposts, police stations and settler farms. They would strike quickly and retreat into the forests or local communities, making it difficult for British forces to locate and engage them effectively.

Let's do a quick check of your understanding.

I want you to discuss this question with a partner.

What prompted many Gikuyu to join the Mau Mau? Pause the video now, talk to your partner and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, welcome back, I hope that conversation was useful.

You were asked to talk to your partner about what prompted many Gikuyu to join the Mau Mau.

and you might have said something like this.

Many Gikuyu joined the Mau Mau because they were angry that the British authorities had forced them to leave the most fertile land in the central province.

This land had been taken from them white settlers for farming cash crops such as tea and coffee.

Well done if you came up with something similar in your conversation with your partner.

In response to the Mao Mao uprising, the British authorities declared a state of emergency and imprisoned Kenyatta, wrongly believing he was the leader of the uprising.

In an attempt to identify Mao Mao fighters, the British rounded up over one million Gikuyu men and women and sent them to prison camps where many were tortured.

By the time the uprising ended in 1960, the British had spent over 60 million pounds fighting the Mau Mau and many people had been killed.

The Mau Mau uprising had helped make it clear that Britain could no longer control Kenya.

Britain was also under pressure from the USA to grant independence so that Kenya would support them in the Cold War against the Soviet Union.

In 1963, Kenya was granted independence and Kenyatta, who'd been released from prison in 1961, became the country's first president.

Let's take a moment to check your understanding.

The British treated everyone suspected of being part of the Mau Mau uprising with respect for their human rights.

Is this true or false? Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct answer.

Okay, well done if you said that that was false, but you need to be able to explain why.

So pause the video again.

Have a go at explaining why the statement's false and press play when you're ready to see a model response.

Okay, to explain why the statement's false, you could have said, the British rounded up over one million Gikuyu men and women and sent them to prison camps where many were tortured.

Well done if you came up with something similar.

Let's do another quick check.

Why was Jomo Kenyatta imprisoned during the Mau Mau uprising? Is it A, he was the leader of the Mau Mau, B, he was wrongly accused of leading the Mau Mau, C, he encouraged people to join the Mau Mau.

Pause the video now and press play when you're ready to see the correct response.

The correct response is B.

Kenyatta was wrongly accused of leading the Mau Mau, which is why he was imprisoned.

Well done if you got that correct.

You are now ready for the third and final practise task of today's lesson.

I want you to read the judgement on the screen.

It says, the end of other European empires in Africa resulted in high levels of conflict and violence, whereas the process of decolonization in Britain's empire in Africa was completely peaceful.

I want you to use your knowledge of decolonization in Kenya to explain why the judgement below is incorrect, and I want you to do this in one paragraph.

So pause the video now.

Have a go at writing your paragraph to explain why that judgment's incorrect, and then press play when you're ready to compare your paragraph to a model response.

Okay, fantastic effort on that final practise task.

You were asked to write one paragraph to explain why the judgement that decolonization in Britain's African empire was completely peaceful, was incorrect, and you could have written something like this.

Decolonization in Britain's African colonies was mostly peaceful, but it is incorrect to argue that it was completely peaceful.

In Kenya, the Mau Mau fought a guerilla war against the British for eight years and the British attempted to suppress the uprising using brutal tactics.

For example, the British imprisoned and tortured one million Gikuyu men and women suspected of being part of the Mau Mau and many were killed.

The Mau Mau uprising helped to make it clear that Britain could no longer control Kenya, and Kenya was granted its independence in 1963.

Therefore, the statement is incorrect as violence did play a part in the decolonization of some of Britain's African colonies.

Well done if your answer looks similar to the model paragraph that we've just gone through.

We're at the end of our lesson now, so it's a good opportunity for us to pause and recap our key learning points after the second World War, Britain initially tried to retain control of its empire in Africa, but it was not successful.

From 1945, nationalist movements across Africa increasingly demanded independence from British rule.

In the Gold Coast, Nkrumah led the independence campaign using peaceful methods.

The colony became independent as Ghana in 1957, Kenya's transition to independence was more violent than in most other African colonies.

Due to the Mau Mau uprising and Britain's brutal response, the Mau Mau uprising helped to show that Britain could no longer keep control of Kenya and its achieved independence in 1963.

Well done for all of your hard work in today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure teaching you and I look forward to teaching you again soon.