Hello, and thank you for joining me.

I'm Mr. Marchin, and I'll be your history teacher for today's lesson.

I'll be guiding you through all of our resources.

And my top aims are to ensure not only that you enjoy our learning, but also, that you can successfully meet today's lesson objective.

Welcome to today's lesson, which is part of our unit on the British Empire, where we've been asking ourselves, to what extent was the British Empire transformed in the mid-19th century? By the end of today's lesson, you'll be able to explain how British imperialism in Africa changed during the 19th century.

There are four key words which will help us navigate our way through today's lesson.

Those are African interior, abolitionism, missionaries, and colonisation.

Areas of Africa beyond its coastlines were often referred to as the African interior.

Abolitionism refers to the movement which supported abolishing slavery and the slave trade.

Missionaries are people who travel to foreign countries to spread Christianity.

And colonisation is the process of taking over and ruling new areas as colonies.

Today's lesson will be split into three parts and will begin by focusing on British interest in Africa.

In the first half of the 19th century, Britain already had some African colonies.

These colonies were mostly coastal and relatively small, such as Gambia or the Gold Coast in Western Africa, and Cape Colony in Southern Africa.

Britain had little power in the African interior at this time.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

Where were most of Britain's African colonies located in the first half of the 19th century? Was it coastal areas, the African interior, or mountainous areas? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was A.

Most of Britain's African colonies were located in coastal areas during the first half of the 19th century.

This included colonies such as Gambia, the Gold Coast, or Cape Colony.

British interest in Africa in the first half of the 19th century was motivated by three major concerns.

These were trade, religion and abolitionism, and India.

So we'll think about each of these interests in turn.

Let's start by thinking about trade.

Many British colonies were founded to support trade in Africa.

In the 18th century, British merchants had mainly traded in Africa to obtain enslaved people.

After the slave trade was abolished in 1807, British trade prioritised gaining raw materials, such as palm oil, from West Africa.

So let's check our understanding of what we've just heard.

After the abolition of the slave trade, what was the main item Britain traded for in West Africa? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was palm oil.

After the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, the main item which Britain traded for in West Africa was palm oil.

Religion and abolitionism was also important for creating British interest in Africa.

British missionaries often aimed to spread Christianity in Africa.

David Livingston became a Victorian celebrity for his missionary work.

An illustration of Livingston in Africa can be seen on the screen.

Missionaries and British officials also aimed to end slavery and the slave trade.

Sierra Leone was set up as a colony in the late 18th century for people freed from slavery.

And British soldiers, officials, and missionaries often travelled to other African societies to try and convince them to abolish their slave trades.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

I want you to write the missing word from the following sentence.

British blank like David Livingston worked to spread Christianity in Africa.

So what's the missing word? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the missing word was missionaries.

British missionaries like David Livingston worked to spread Christianity in Africa.

And let's try another question.

How did abolitionism affect British colonisation in Africa? Was it that Britain abandoned all of its colonies in Africa, that Britain fought the people living in its colonies in Africa, or that Britain set up a new colony, Sierra Leone, in Africa? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was C.

As a result of abolitionism, Britain's drive to get rid of the slave trade and slavery, Britain set up a new company in Africa, Sierra Leone.

This was a place where people freed from slavery were supposed to be able to live.

And a third major reason why Britain took interest in Africa in the early 19th century was because of India.

India was considered the jewel in the crown of the British Empire.

Britain was interested in parts of Africa which were along its routes to India.

Britain conquered the Dutch Cape Colony in 1806 because the Cape Colony was on the sea route around the southern tip of Africa to India.

And also in the early 19th century, Britain fought against a French invasion of Egypt for a similar logic to its conquest of Cape Colony.

If the French had been allowed to conquer Egypt, then this would have interrupted Britain's routes to India via the Mediterranean and Middle East.

So let's check our understanding of what we just heard.

Why did Britain fight in both Egypt and the Cape? Was it to force people in those areas to convert to Christianity, to gain new colonies for the British Empire, or to protect different routes between India and Britain? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was C.

In the early 19th century, Britain fought in both Egypt and the Cape.

And in both instances, the reason was to try and protect its different routes to India.

It's important that we keep in mind that the Cape did become a British colony as a result of this fighting, but Egypt did not.

So we're now ready to put all of our knowledge about British interest in Africa into practise.

I want you to match up each reason for British interest in Africa with the example that best demonstrates its effect.

So the three reasons we have are India, religion and abolitionism, and trade.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answers.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to match up each of our reasons for British interest in Africa with the example that best demonstrated its effect.

So for India, you should have matched this to the point that said Britain fought France to keep it out of Egypt.

For religion and abolitionism, you should have matched this to missionaries such as David Livingston travelled throughout Africa.

And for trade, you should have matched this to Britain acquired large amounts of palm oil from West Africa.

So really well done if you matched up each of those reasons and examples correctly.

And now, we're ready to move on to the second part of our lesson for today where we're going to think about the limits on British colonisation in Africa.

By the 1850s, the British Empire in Africa remained quite limited in size.

Three main factors helped to limit British colonisation in Africa during the first half of the 19th century.

These were African resistance, disease, and costs, so we'll think about each of these in turn.

British colonisation in Africa in the early 19th century remained restricted to the coastlines in part because of strong African resistance to European expansion.

At this time, Britain and other European powers did not have a strong enough military advantage to conquer many African states.

When the governor of Britain's Gold Coast colony led an army to attack the Ashanti Kingdom in 1824, the British force was wiped out in battle, and the governor himself was killed.

Britain's imperial expansion in Africa was also limited by disease.

Tropical diseases such as malaria were widespread across many parts of Africa, making it difficult for Britain and other European countries to make much progress in conquering the African interior.

Officials and troops sent to Africa frequently caught these tropical diseases and died.

It was because of this that the coastline of Sierra Leone was referred to as the white man's graveyard.

So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

I want you to write the missing word from the following sentence.

Malaria zones along the coast led to Sierra Leone being called the white man's blank.

So what's the missing word? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the missing word was graveyard.

Malaria zones along the coast led to Sierra Leone being called the white man's graveyard because many British officials and soldiers sent there died very soon after they arrived.

Now, let's try another question.

We have a statement this time that says many African states were strong enough to successfully resist British colonisation.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was true, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that a British army sent to attack the Kingdom of Ashanti in 1824 was wiped out in battle.

And the second says that many British officials died of tropical diseases that were common across Africa.

So which one of those justifications is most appropriate to demonstrate our original statement was true.

Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the better justification to prove our original statement was true is A, a British army sent to attack the Kingdom of Ashanti in 1824 was wiped out in battle.

This shows us that African resistance to British colonisation was very strong in the early 19th century and was able to inflict defeats upon the British.

The cost of colonial expansion also discouraged the growth of the British Empire in Africa.

Strong African resistance and deadly diseases meant that any attempt at colonial expansion became expensive in terms of lives lost and the financial costs of funding armies and governments in the colonies.

In fact, Lord Palmerston, who served as British Foreign Secretary, and later, Prime Minister for many of the years between 1830 and 1865, refused to create British colonies in either Abyssinia, modern day Ethiopia, or Egypt.

Palmerston argued that the value of colonies is overrated.

"All Britain wants is trade, and colonies are not necessary for trade.

We can trade very well in lands belonging to other people." So let's reflect on what we've just heard.

I want you to study the quote from Lord Palmerston shown on the screen.

It says, "All Britain wants is trade, and colonies are not necessary for trade.

We can trade very well in lands belonging to other people." Based on the quote, which inference is most valid, Britain's leaders did not believe it was powerful enough to colonise Africa, Britain's leaders were not always interested in the colonisation of Africa, or Britain's leaders believed that it was too dangerous to colonise Africa? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the valid inference was B.

We can tell from the Palmerston quote that Britain's leaders were not always interested in the colonisation of Africa.

Palmerston would turn down the opportunity to create some colonies because he saw it as more expensive than was helpful.

He said that Britain could trade just as well without actually having official control over many of the countries of Africa.

So we're now ready to put all of our knowledge about the limits on British colonisation in Africa into practise.

I want you to study Sofia and Lucas's disagreement shown on the screen.

Lucas says that Britain was unable to colonise many areas of Africa, and Sofia says Britain was unwilling to colonise many areas of Africa.

Are either Sofia or Lucas incorrect about the limits on British colonisation in Africa during the first half of the 19th century? You need to explain your answer.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to reflect on your response.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

I asked you, are either Sofia or Lucas incorrect about the limits on British colonisation in Africa during the first half of the 19th century? And your answer may have included neither Lucas nor Sofia are incorrect about the limits on British colonisation in Africa during the first half of the 19th century.

African resistance and disease meant that in many areas, Britain was unable to expand its control far beyond the coast.

For example, an entire British army was wiped out by the Ashanti Kingdom in 1824.

However, Britain was also unwilling to expand its control at times.

For example, Lord Palmerston refused to colonise Abyssinia as he argued that ruling the area would make no difference to Britain's trade.

So really well done if your own response looks something like that model which we've just seen.

So now we're ready to move on to the third and final part of our lesson for today where we're going to focus on the Scramble for Africa.

Between the 1860s and the end of the 19th century, many new European colonies were established in Africa.

Because so many European colonies were formed in such a short period, this process has been referred to as the Scramble for Africa.

The Scramble for Africa led to many changes in the British Empire.

The British Empire in Africa grew significantly during the second half of the 19th century.

Britain gained control over many new colonies in Africa, including in modern day Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

Many of Britain's existing colonies in Africa were also expanded, including the Gold Coast Colony and Cape Colony.

This growth meant that in many areas, British rule now extended to the African interior, far away from the coast.

Some British colonies, such as Uganda, were entirely landlocked and had no access to the coast.

This expansion of Britain's colonies led some people to describe British rule in Africa as extending from Cape to Cairo as by the end of the 19th century, Britain ruled over an almost unbroken chain of colonies from Egypt in Northern Africa to Cape Colony in Southern Africa.

So let's check our understanding of everything we've just heard.

We have a statement on the screen that says Britain was involved in the Scramble for Africa.

Is that statement true or false? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that that statement was true, but we need to be able to justify our response.

So two justifications have appeared on the screen.

The first says that Britain took control over new coastal areas but still did not colonise the African interior.

The second says that Britain took control over new coastal areas, as well as areas in the African interior.

So which one of those two justifications is correct? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct justification was B.

Britain took control over new coastal areas, as well as areas in the African interior during the Scramble for Africa.

This included places such as Egypt and Uganda.

And let's try another question.

I want you to write the missing phrase from the following sentence.

By the end of the 19th century, many people said that the British Empire in Africa stretched from blank.

You might want to use the image which has been included on this slide to help you for this question.

So pause the video here and press play when you're ready to check your answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the missing phrase was Cape to Cairo.

By the end of the 19th century, many people said that the British empire in Africa stretched from Cape to Cairo.

This was because British participation in the Scramble for Africa led to the creation of so many new colonies that there was an almost unbroken chain of British colonies from Egypt in Northern Africa to Cape Colony in Southern Africa.

British colonisation was helped by improvements in both medicine and weaponry, which made it easier for Britain to enter the African interior for the 1870s onwards.

Many of the areas in Africa colonised by Britain in the second half of the 19th century were large, away from the coast, and did not always have a very high value for trade.

This occurred because Britain became more willing, rather than just more able, to colonise in Africa.

European rivalry was increasingly important for encouraging British colonisation.

As other countries, like France and Germany, created their own colonies in Africa, some people argue that British trade and control over its existing colonies in Africa would be under threat.

Therefore, Britain created some new colonies, mostly to prevent other powers from gaining control over these areas first.

British control over Sudan was motivated by concerns about French exploration in the area, whilst Kenya became a British colony largely because Germany was creating colonies of its own and increasing its own trade in East Africa at the same time.

So let's make sure we've got a secure understanding of everything that we just heard.

Which motive had the biggest impact on Britain's willingness to colonise East Africa? Was it German colonisation in the region, improvement of British weaponry, or new medicines to protect from disease? Pause the video here and press play when you're ready to see the right answer.

Okay, well done to everybody who said that the correct answer was A.

Although B and C both improved Britain's ability to colonise areas, such as parts of East Africa, by the late 19th century, it was European rivalry, such as against the Germans and the French which helped to increase Britain's willingness to colonise many areas of Africa.

So we're now ready to put all of our knowledge about the Scramble for Africa and British imperialism in the continent into practise.

I want you to explain two ways in which Britain's empire in Africa changed during the 19th century.

You may consider the following as part of your answer, the size of Britain's empire, locations of British colonies, the motives for British colonisation, and Britain's willingness to gain new colonies.

So pause the video here and press play when you are ready to reflect on your responses.

Okay, well done for all of your hard work on that task.

So I asked you to explain two ways in which Britain's empire in Africa changed during the 19th century.

And your answer may have included Britain's empire in Africa became much larger during the 19th century.

In the first half of the 19th century, Britain's colonies in Africa were not very large and were all coastal.

However, after the Scramble for Africa, Britain gained many new large colonies, including those like Uganda, which were located in the African interior, without coastal access.

Britain's empire had grown so large in Africa by the end of the century that it was described as stretching from Cape to Cairo.

So really well done if one part of your answer looks something like that model which we've just seen.

Your answer may also have included Britain became more willing to gain colonies in Africa during the 19th century.

In the 1840s and 1850s, Lord Palmerston refused to create new colonies in Abyssinia and Egypt as he argued that this was unnecessary for trade.

However, during the Scramble for Africa, Britain felt more threatened by rival European countries, such as France and Germany.

This encouraged Britain to create new colonies in Sudan and East Africa.

So again, well done if your own answer looks something similar to that model which we've just seen.

And that means we've now reached the end of today's lesson, which puts us in a good position to summarise our learning about the British Empire and the Scramble for Africa.

We've seen that British colonies were mainly located along the African coast in the first half of the 19th century.

Trade for raw materials like palm oil was a key part of British interest in Africa.

British colonisation was limited for many years in the 19th century by African resistance, disease, and official unwillingness.

British colonisation in Africa increased significantly during the Scramble for Africa, and many areas were colonised by Britain during the Scramble for Africa due to rivalry between itself and other European empires.

So really well done for all of your effort during today's lesson.

It's been a pleasure to help guide you through our resources, and I look forward to seeing you again in future as we think further about the British Empire and continue to ask ourselves, to what extent was the British Empire transformed in the mid-19th century?.