Lesson video

Salvete omnes, salve magister, we've done nominative plurals, and now it's time for the sequel of plurals.

That's right, it's going to be accusative plurals.

Are we ready? Course we are, let's have a look.

The accusative plural.

Our learning objectives, or discenda are, can I recognise, form, and translate accusative plurals in Latin? And can I translate Latin, both nominative and accusative plurals, in full sentences? It's the big one, you ready? Okay, so, press pause here to get what you need.

Thanks for coming prepared if that's what you did.

That's great.

Okay, let's have a little look at this grammar point in action.

So, we're going to have a little look, a revisit of some of the fables that you may well have translated, some of the sentences from the fables that you would have translated maybe over the last few units, but they're going to include something new.

Now, here, we can do this, come on, this is one from a couple of lessons back.

Bestiae, pff, easy.

Bestiae reginam visitant.

Now, bestiae, singular or plural? Bestiae? Plural! Okay, so that's going to be the animals, yeah? The animals, we go over here to our verb, visit, the queen, to do singular accusatives end in 'm'.

But, flip things around and we get what? We get regina bestias rogat.

Now, just the one queen, but look, some animals were doing the verb here and now they're receiving it, what's happened? The queen asks the, now, yeah, animals.

That's plural and it's receiving the verb, okay, I'll bear that in mind, interesting.

And then do remember that the queen, so the queen asks the animals.

She always asks the same question, she said, "does my, oletne halitus, does my breath smell?" Then we had this one about that monkey, the monkey king.

Simius rex, iuvenes simium vident.

Singular or plural, iuvenes? Plural.

So, not the young man, but the young men see the monkey.

We flip things around and we get: simius iuvenes rogat.

The monkey asks the young man? He asks the, yeah, the young men, so that's plural and it's receiving the asking, but the endings, Mr Furber, there, they're the same as the nominative.

I know.

We'll have a look at it in a minute.

And if you remember, the monkey king always asks, Who am I and who is waiting behind me? Last of all, you had these lupi and these canes, and we know lupi, in fact we know canes, but not in this context.

This is the wolves ask the dogs.

So there, the dogs, look I know that's plural 'cause it looks like the nominative plural, but they're receiving the asking.

Okay.

And then the other way around, we've got the canes lupos audiunt.

The dogs listen to the, good, the wolves.

But it's not lupi, it's lupos, receiving the listening.

And then the wolves, remember, they say, "Cur nobiscum non consumitis?" They say why don't you eat with us? Yeah, like that's what they were planning on doing, those evil wolves.

Right, it's as simple as this, look, the accusative plural.

Latin accusative plurals end in S, ♪ What letter do singular accusatives end in? ♪ ♪ M, what letter do plural accusatives end in? ♪ ♪ S, what letter do singular accusatives end in? ♪ ♪ M, what letter do plural accusatives end in? ♪ ♪ S, plural accusatives end in S, ♪ ♪ Plural accusatives end in S, plural, S, ♪ ♪ Accusatives, S, plural accusatives end in an S, ♪ got that? Plural accusatives end in S, singular accusatives end in M, and the the third declension plurals, that's quite tricky, have the same ending for the nominative and accusative, which is es.

If we were to put this information on our table, it looks as follows, so.

You're used to this by now, this is your splitting up endings according to declension.

So your A, us words and everything else words.

What letter do singular accusatives end in? M, two lessons ago, the beginning of the unit, I had this information, which was that your plurals were ae, i and es, like formulae, cacti and axes in English.

Now I'm adding these three, so there's just three things, more things, that we're adding today.

And that is as, os, and es, in fact, I suppose it's only two new things, yeah? Because it's not new endings, cause you've already seen es but it means more than one thing.

So look, what letter do plural accusatives end in? S, and then the rest of it is as you'd expect, you've got that a there, yeah? Os, now I think there's a couple of tricky things here.

Os is plural accusative, but do not confuse it with us.

It's just one vowel difference.

But look, you know, that amicus means friend and that amicos, that's different, that's going to be your plural accusative, all right? Similarly, canes is tricky, okay, because if you see canes, you don't know until you look at the verb, we're going to do loads of practise on this, you don't know whether that is going to be nominative or accusative.

Also, it's still, it's not gone anywhere, it still looks a bit like canis, okay, but just know es is plural, isn't it, okay? Have a quick look at those new endings, just read them over a couple of times if you need to now.

Okay, we're going to practise this new learning with a song that goes like ♪ Sentences in English go ♪ ♪ Subject verb object ♪ ♪ Sentences in Latin go ♪ ♪ Subject object verb ♪ ♪ Sentences in English go ♪ ♪ Subject verb object ♪ ♪ Sentences in Latin go ♪ ♪ Subject object verb ♪ ♪ Now what letter do singular accusatives end in ♪ ♪ M ♪ ♪ What letter do singular accusatives end in ♪ ♪ M ♪ ♪ What letter do plural accusatives end in ♪ ♪ S ♪ ♪ What letter do plural accusatives end in ♪ ♪ Now sentences in English go ♪ ♪ Subject verb object ♪ ♪ Sentences in Latin go ♪ ♪ Subject object verb ♪ ♪ Now the nominative is the subject and it does the verb ♪ ♪ The accusative is the object and it receives the verb ♪ ♪ The nominative is the subject and it does the verb ♪ ♪ The accusative is the object and it receives the verb ♪ ♪ What letter do singular accusatives end in ♪ ♪ M ♪ ♪ What letter do plural accusatives end in ♪ ♪ S ♪ ♪ Singular accusatives end in m ♪ ♪ Plural accusatives end in s ♪ ♪ What letter do plural accusatives end in ♪ ♪ Now sentences in English go ♪ ♪ Subject verb object ♪ ♪ Sentences in Latin go ♪ ♪ Subject object verb ♪ ♪ Sentences in English go ♪ ♪ Subject verb object ♪ ♪ What letter do singular accusatives end in ♪ Now we're going to go from one song to another.

♪ One finger up for the singular ♪ ♪ And two fingers up for the plural ♪ ♪ It's one finger up for the singular ♪ ♪ And two fingers up for the plural ♪ ♪ Now which am I going to pick? ♪ ♪ And count up one, two, three ♪ ♪ Which am I going to pick ♪ ♪ Which of these ♪ ♪ Let's have filii ♪ ♪ One, two, three ♪ ♪ Going to be ♪ ♪ Plural, filios ♪ ♪ Plural, puellas ♪ ♪ Plural, puellam ♪ ♪ Singular, urbem ♪ ♪ Singular, amicos ♪ ♪ Plural, canem ♪ ♪ Singular, urbes ♪ ♪ Plural, puellae ♪ ♪ Plural, filii again ♪ ♪ Plural, canes ♪ ♪ Plural, canis ♪ ♪ Singular, filium ♪ ♪ Singular, and feminas ♪ ♪ Is plural, now ♪ ♪ Left hand up for the nominative ♪ ♪ Right hand up for the accusative ♪ ♪ And left hand up for the nominative ♪ ♪ Right hand up for the accusative ♪ ♪ Now which am I going to pick ♪ ♪ And countdown three, two, one ♪ ♪ Which am I going to pick ♪ ♪ Let's have filium, three, two, one ♪ ♪ It'll be what? ♪ ♪ Accusative, amicus ♪ ♪ Nominative, filii ♪ ♪ Nominative ♪ ♪ Now what letter do plural accusatives end in ♪ ♪ S, amicos ♪ ♪ Is accusative ♪ ♪ Feminas ♪ ♪ Accusative, filios ♪ ♪ Accusative, puellas ♪ ♪ Accusative, now ♪ ♪ I'm going to come over ♪ ♪ To canes in a couple of words ♪ ♪ Keep your eye on it ♪ Because it might mean something other, I thought I was going to be able to keep on the beat there.

Keep your eye on it, 'cause it's going to mean something, it won't be, yeah, we'll have a think, canes, what does it look like on that table, that es ending? ♪ Which am I going to pick ♪ ♪ And let's have amicus ♪ Is what, nominative or accusative? Three, two, one, and.

Amicus is nomative, puellae is nominative, accusative, ah, puellam is accusative, now canes is ba, don't shoot, it's going to be, do you remember es? It could be both nominative or accusative, so es, you put your hands up like that and you go, don't shoot it, drop it, you know like that, all right? So canes could be both.

♪ Which am I going to pick out ♪ ♪ Let's have canes ♪ ♪ Three, two, one, it's going to be ♪ nominative or accusative, urbes? Both, amicos.

♪ Plural accusatives end in ♪ Accusative, filios.

Accusative, urbes.

Don't shoot and canes.

Don't shoot, filii? Is nominative, now, shall we do, shall we do, I ask you one time, and the first time I ask you it's singular or plural and the second time I ask you it's nominative or accusative.

We'll try it for a few, and, so remember, the first time is singular or plural, the second time will be nominative or accusative.

The first time, same noun both times, will be singular or plural, the second time round will be nominative or accusative.

♪ Which am I going to pick ♪ ♪ And count down three, two, one ♪ ♪ Which am I going to pick ♪ ♪ Let's have filium ♪ ♪ It's going to be singular or plural ♪ ♪ It's singular ♪ ♪ Nominative or accusative ♪ ♪ Accusative, filios ♪ ♪ It's plural, let's slow it down ♪ ♪ Nominative or accusative is ♪ ♪ Accusative, amicus ♪ ♪ Singular, nominative or accusative ♪ ♪ Nominative, puellam ♪ ♪ Singular, nominative or accusative ♪ ♪ Accusative, urbes, deep end ♪ ♪ Plural, nominative or accusative ♪ ♪ Don't shoot ♪ ♪ Filios again ♪ ♪ It's plural ♪ ♪ Nominative or accusative ♪ ♪ Accusative, femina ♪ ♪ Singular, nominative or accusative ♪ ♪ Nominative, feminas ♪ ♪ Plural, nominative or accusative ♪ ♪ Accusative, because ♪ ♪ What letter do plural accusatives end in ♪ ♪ S, what letter do singular accusatives end in ♪ ♪ M, canes is ♪ ♪ Plural, and it's nominative or accusative ♪ ♪ Whoa, don't shoot ♪ Okay.

Is amicus singular or plural? Singular.

Amici, singular or plural in two, one, Plural, thank you, amicos? Nominative or accusative? What letter do plural accusatives end in? S, it's accusative.

Amicos, let's get the translation right.

It's plural, it's going to be friends.

Amici, nominative or accusative? Now there's no S on the end, all right, so it's nominative plural.

Filiae, hm, a bit longer.

Okay, answer in three, two, and, plural nominative or nominative plural, okay? That would just be filia in singular nominative, singular accusatives end in M, and plural accusatives end in S, so that is plural nominative, it's like formulae in English, right? Filiae, what's it mean? It's plural, it means daughters.

Filias is what? This'll be a bit quicker.

Three.

What letter do plural accusatives end in? S.

What's that mean, filias? Good, still means daughters.

Patrem is what? Come on, that's easy, you could do that lessons and units ago.

With me, what letter do singular accusatives end in? M, got it.

Patres, now, if you've got both hands ready, that's too much of a clue.

Okay, mime it for me in three, two, don't shoot.

It could be both nominative or accusative, key thing is it's plural.

Iuvenes, let's try this one.

It's going to be exactly the same, don't shoot, it's the same thing, great, iuvenis, however, is what? It has not been changed, that's just your normal, if that's the form you learned it when you first saw it, iuvenis, just a one young man, singular nominative.

Cibum, is it singular or plural? Is, two, one, singular, and we're ready.

So you will see here, the task is to write down whether each noun of these 10 nouns you've got here is singular or plural and nominative or accusative.

And then after that, you translate what you've got.

If it's plural, you translate it with an S on the end, if it's singular, don't put the S on the end for goodness' sake.

So, for example, here's amici, all right? Amici, you would ask yourself, right, it's singular or plural, well it's plural.

Yeah, this is exactly the same as the exercise we were just doing.

It's plural, and then you ask yourself if it's going to be left hand up or right hand up.

Well, that's plural, nominative, got it, and then you translate it, well, I know it's plural so I'm going to translate that as friends.

Got the idea? Okay, 10 of them for you to have a look at, off you go.

Now switching to different colour pen, let's see how we did.

Answers as follows.

Okay, right, hands completely free.

Now, it's all well and good being able to do it in isolation, but it's time to look at nominative and accusative plurals in full Latin sentences.

This is a full Latin sentence, and for the first example, I'm going to do it all by myself.

I don't want any help, I'm going to see if I can do it on my own.

So, first thing I do, I know we're used to this by now, is you look at the word beginnings, because words endings changed in Latin based on how many of the things there are and what they're doing in sentences.

We just look at the beginnings, we want to get our ingredients, we want to our sort of characters who are on the scene, all right? And we've got mater amicas videt, mater I know is to do with mother.

Amicas, ooh what letter do, no, no, no, no, no, just the beginnings.

Amic, amicas, has to do with the friends, yeah, yeah, yeah.

And then videt's to do with seeing, so see, done.

Then I go, now, you're probably thinking, do you remember this from a couple of lessons back? You're probably thinking, well, I should just go to my nouns now.

I really, I know something really fun and special about amicas and I really want to write that down.

Okay, that's fantastic, but verb time, okay? Verbs first, you look at your verb and you run through the person ending.

Videt, O S T, O S T, I, you, she.

Okay, it should be he or she, I'm going to take a little gamble here, that's probably going to be she because that looks like a nominative to me.

So let's do she, she see, she sees, got it.

Done, that's my verb up here and I'm going to put plus nom in if I don't have a nominative, I've got a backup nominative haven't I? If I don't have a nominative and it's going to be she.

Or he.

Now, then I look at my nouns and I ask myself for each one, let's do number then case, you can do these either way round, exactly the same as the task you were just doing.

And I'll just play a little game of one finger up with the singular, two fingers up for the plural, and left hand up for the nominative, right hand up for the accusative, with myself, okay.

I'm going to go with mater, and I'll go singular nominative, okay, right, so my nominative, nom singular.

So do I need to change anything down here? Don't think, do I need to change anything down here? Mother or mothers, if it's singular? Mother or mothers? It'll be mother, I don't have to change anything.

Amicas, what letter do plural accusatives end in? S, so I know that's my accusative plural.

Acc, plu, yeah.

Now, friend, I think I just move on now.

No! Okay, then I ask myself, right, it's plural, friend or friends.

Friend or friends with plural, so it's going to be friends.

Okay, now I have a look here and I know that I've got a nominative and that's labelled, so I don't need this nominative anymore.

So it's either crossed out or goes in brackets.

Okay, yeah? And I've got mother, friends, sees, I want to go into the order nom verb acc, that word, that word, that word.

Add some the's, add a full stop, there's already one there, but the mother sees the friends.

With a full stop.

And it's as simple as that, huh? Yeah, well, it's time for, you know, it's all very well watching someone do it, but it's time for you to have a little go now yourself, okay.

Take one last look, 'cause it's going in three, two, and it's gone.

What does matres amicam vident mean? Take your time.

Okay, pause if you need to, we've got matres, singular or plural? It's plural, and what letter do singular accusatives end in? M, so we've got a plural and a singular.

So mothers see the friend.

What about this one, mater amicam videt? Okay, so here we've got singular and singular so just the mother sees the friend.

Matres amicas vident.

Okay, good, delightful, that one is, you've got two plurals there, yeah, plural, plural, so the mothers see the friends.

Back to me, example number two, and this time you're going to be joining in.

So we've got senes canem salutant and we're just getting our ingredients at the beginning.

Senes, ignore the es, we're just looking at sen, and this is quite a tough noun actually in terms of how it declines, how it, its endings change.

What is going on? What noun is that from, if you, mime it to me if you know it.

Good, it will be I've got a walking stick.

That's not very good, mine, but it's to do with old man, isn't it? Okay, so old man.

Okay, now make a noise that canem makes, make a noise.

Woof woof, yeah all good, fine, so that's going to be a dog.

And now mime the action from salutant, just mime the action, will be.

Hello! And it'll be to do with greeting, greet.

Done step one, now we go to step two, and we think about our verbs, let's go onto nouns, Mr Furber, I'm fed up with verbs.

No, it's verb time, okay? And we look at, find our verb and we look at our person.

Salutant was our verb, person ending will be nt, and finger in the air, going with me, after one, two, three, it's O S T, mus, tis, nt, tell me what's that in three, two, one.

It's they, good, so we put a they in there.

Okay, and that's plus nom in brackets, all right, probably, I suspect we've got a nominative over here, but we might, it's like a backup nominative that, isn't it? So step two is done.

Right, now, senes and canem, senes and canem, right, well.

in order to help us figure that out, we're going to do a little quiz.

It looks something like this.

So, canem is what of those four? Which? Hey and now what letter do singular accusatives end in? M, now senes, is it still there, senes? Get those two hands at the ready, senes is three, two, one, with me, don't shoot! It's one of those ones, it's plural and it's nominative or accusative.

Now this, this, bring it back, this puts us in a very, very interesting situation because I was going to put the plus nom up here quickly, hold on.

Because we've got one thing that's definitely accusative, which is canem, we've got this one noun which could be nominative or accusative, ooh, and this is the kind of thing that I find exciting as a Latin teacher and you will too, won't you? So, that's definitely, if, that is definitely accusative.

Now if there were a word and here, then we could have two accusatives, but because that's definitely accusative, therefore this has to be, which of these two, it has to be, we've got an accusative, so this has to be nominative and we forget it's not the accusative, all right? Now, and now I've done step one, I've done step two, and now I just wander on down to step four.

No, with me, no, okay, what do we need to do? Such an important part of step three, which is that you get these plurals, even if it's singular ask yourself, okay, this is the trick here, plural.

What changes do I need to make to my English for step three down here? Or I'll make them up here.

Old man, if senes is plural do I need to change old man? Nodding heads or shaking heads? Yes, nodding heads, and I change it to old.

I'm going to write it down here, next to step three.

Old men.

Now, if canem, it's singular, is it going to be dog or dogs? If it's singular, dog or dogs? It stays the same, and they is in brackets there, all right, because look, we've got a nominative so you actually won't need the they.

Norm verb acc.

Can you take five seconds or three seconds, and then tell me out loud in a big, strong voice, what senes canem salutant means? Three.

One, big strong voice.

Good, it's going to be the, I'm going to put the, I know it looks a bit ugly, all right? The old men greet the dog.

Delightful, full stop on the end.

Okay, take a look at it 'cause it's going in three, two, and one.

Now we're going to look at some sentences that look similar.

Are you ready? What's senex canem salutat mean? They are both singular, the old man greets the dog.

Senex canes, you've got that one, that's fine.

It's old man singular, canes plural, the old man greets the dogs.

Right, now, I think some people are starting to think that they're accusative plural experts, but what, pray tell, is wrong with this translation here? We've got puellas rogant.

And we look at one of these pretty much every time, okay.

Puellas rogant, it's mistranslated as the girls ask, here's your clue, puellas, okay, have a go.

What's wrong with it, 10 seconds.

Two, one, and okay.

Right, so first of all, let's just go through the steps and just see until we encounter the problems here, because word beginnings are the ingredients there, we've got girl, yeah, and you've got some asking, yeah, so step one was done fine.

Now we got to verb person, nt on the end so we know that's they, okay, So it should be they ask, well they can be fine if that's a nominative plural that could be they ask, 'cause the girls they ask, maybe they just got rid of the they, didn't they, yeah? So actually step two at this stage is fine.

Then we go down to our nouns and the number, number's fine, puellas, that's plural, it's been translated as girls so that's okay and then, oh dear, no, look at that, it's the case, isn't it? It's the case that caused the bother.

What letter do plural accusatives end in? S, so this is an accusative, right? Here we've got our verb plus nominative and you'll remember, we do it every time.

If you have a sentence which starts in Latin with an accusative, it's very counterintuitive, but you, that will be the last nearly or the very last word of your English translation.

And in fact, you have to go to the end of the Latin sentence in order to get your nominative, your first word, and it's going to be they.

So this is in fact not the girls ask, but nom verb acc, that bit, that bit, that bit, they ask the girls.

So I will get rid of that lowercase T, you get a nice big capital.

They ask the girls.

Now this is where at this point some students go, well, Mr Furber, there's this thing, all right, around about sort of two thirds of the way through the lesson where he shows you a sentence and then the first word isn't the bit that you do so what you do is you go to your verb and then you do that bit, that bit, that bit, okay, because it's, that's just really hard and you just do it opposite or something for some reason, okay.

So don't necessarily think that, is that always true, okay? What's gone wrong on this one here? 10 seconds again.

Five seconds, pick up the speed of second half, four, three, quickly, two, one and ooh, right, so, look, here.

Word beginnings, fine, person, they've got they there so that's fine too, all right, but now, number, is also fine, girls, but we get to our case again, now is this accusative? Here it's receiving, no, this is nominative or accusative, puellae? Three, two, one, nominative 'cause if it were accusative it would have what letter on the end? S, so this is our nominative.

Okay, which means, now over here, we would have had verb plus nom in brackets, okay.

That's our backup nominative, we've got girls, they ask, that's for a backup, and we would do nominative verb, we don't need the they, do you see what this student's done? They've gone, look, for Latin you just don't translate the first word as the, as the first word of your English translation, you just start at the end.

No, no, no, you do puellae, the first word is the first word of your translation if it's nominative, if it's doing the verb, and here puellae is, so in fact you don't translate the they in they ask 'cause we know who's doing the asking and it's the girls.

So the whole thing together will be the girls ask, okay? One more time.

Step three, step four, one more time.

If your first word is accusative, if there's one of those words, yeah where it's that hand up, if your first word is accusative, will that be the first word of English translation? No, if your first word is nominative, will that probably be the first word of your English translation? Yes, okay, take one last look, puellae rogant, the girls ask.

Getting rid of it in two, and.

And getting rid of me, oop.

Iuvenem rogat means what? Now we've got accusative singular, it's not doing the asking and he's in the singular.

Okay? Iuvenes rogat, that's singular.

So he asks, it's he, isn't it? Okay, it's going to be two, one.

That's going to be your accusative, tough, okay, there, O S T, I, you, she, now, if it was rogant, which I believe is coming up, then something would be different but here we've got I, you, she, or in this case, he, and so it's going to be he asks, and then this is not, even though it could be nominative or accusative, it has to be accusative.

'cause we know who's doing the asking, it's not plural, it's singular, it's he, so he asks the young men.

What's this one mean? Now we have a very interesting situation here, which, it's both look, 'cause that can be both of those 'cause this can be both nominative or accusative.

In the context of a story, you will know which one makes sense, okay, but for now, just bear in mind that you just, keep your eye on, you might read a story where you see iuvenes rogant and actually it's they ask the young men, don't just assume that because you've got an es word or that with the es on the end that that's definitely nominative, it might be accusative, and still be the first word.

Filius means son or daughter, in two, one.

It's the son, masculine.

And pueros, is that, is that from puella or from puer, pueros? Well it's going to be from puer, and pueros is which of these four? What letter do plural accusatives end in? S, it's plural accusative, what's pueros mean therefore? In three, two, it's plural accusative, so it's one of these two and it's from puer which means boy so it's boys.

Sunt means what of those two? In three, two, one, sunt is they are, and we're ready to go, off you go, okay, here's six sentences, remember everything that we've looked at so far, pueros, rogamus, okay? And pressing pause after I finish.

♪ Iuvenes salutat ♪ Nice tough one, okay.

If at any point you need to check out that table, then you go to slide two on the worksheet for the nouns table, don't forget the challenge, I'll show you that in a second.

For now, give yourself 10 minutes to do these six sentences.

Pressing pause to start in three, two, and off you go.

Okay, now have a look at that challenge, it's just a one especially tricky sentence there to do with both gender and case and number, ooh.

Okay, different coloured pen at the ready, let's have a little look.

So I will briefly explain some of these.

This is not "the boys ask," really well done if you got this, mus is we, and that's accusative, isn't it, because it ends in S, accusative plural.

Similarly down here, really well done, so delighted if you got this, the old man enters, that's fine, and then this is not the young man greets or the young men greet because you've got this T here.

So that is going to be, he greets the young men and we know it's he because we've got an old man here before.

So if you wrote he or she, it's sort of, you know, 95% right.

You use context to tell whether it's he or she here.

We mentioned an old man before, therefore just that sentence on its own we wouldn't know whether it's he or she, but because we've seen it's an old man, we know that salutat here means he greets.

Answers for the challenge are there, or the answer for the challenge.

And there are now two things for you left to do.

The second of them is to complete the exit quiz, once you've done this now and you've marked and corrected your answers.

But before you do that, it's important for us to say goodbye to one another.

What letter do plural, ♪ What letter do singular accusatives end in ♪ ♪ M, what letter do plural accusatives end in ♪ ♪ S, singular accusatives end in M ♪ ♪ Plural accusatives end in S ♪ ♪ Singular accusatives end in M ♪ ♪ Plural accusatives end in S ♪ Lovely, well done, and I will see you for the translation lesson of plural accusatives, and also for the very end of this unit on plurals.

See you there, valete, very well done.