Lesson video

This is the final lesson of the adjectives and adverbs module or unit, and you're going to need all your knowledge of all that stuff, in order to translate this final passage about Ulysses, second half of his story about him and Polyphemus.

He's currently stuck in that cave, how is he going to get out? Let's find out.

Practise translation, Ulysses and Polyphemus, number two.

Learning objectives.

Can I translate fluently a Latin passage containing both adverbs and adjectives? Have I consolidated previous core vocabulary? Press pause if you need to, to get these things.

Well done, and thank you if you have turned up present and correct to this lesson.

Okay, let's move on and look at that vocabulary.

As usual, you will need to ensure that you know the 14 core words for the translation passage that you'll be doing on your own in a few minutes.

These are the most frequent, or the most difficult words that will be coming up.

And we're going to take a little look at these three here in, well, you know, in close, whatever.

Let's have a look.

Callidus.

Callidus we've done a bit on in the past, let's have a look at it properly now.

In fact, there's no easy derivations for callidus.

How on earth am I going to remember that it means clever? Well, you focus on the C and the L in callidus, callidus, clever, it can also mean cunning, all right, use the first letter there to help you remember callidus, clever.

Tristis, again, we've done a bit on this already.

There is the English word tristful, there's also the French adjective triste which might help if you know that one, but tristis is the opposite of.

And tristis is, sad.

Okay? Opposite of , tristis is sad.

Nemo, all right.

Ooh, is it like the fish? Okay, I would normally at this point spare a bit of time to talk about why the fish is called Nemo.

I'm not going to do that, I haven't got got time.

Look it up, all right, for goodness sake.

So, there is a reason why Nemo is called that in the movie and it is linked to, in fact, this very story we're going to do today.

There are no derivations, nemo means no-one or nobody.

It's sort of nearly an anagram, isn't it? Kind of the words, the letters for no-one are kind of in there, all right.

However, the problem with that though is, nemo does look quite similar to nomen meaning name, and the word name and no-one also looked quite similar.

So, just don't confuse these two things, especially not for this story, where there is an incredibly fortuitous pun, which Ulysses is going to do, because as.

well, I'll tell you now, all right.

He's going to change his nomen, in fact, we did it two lessons ago.

He changed his nomen sneakily, or callide, cleverly, to Nemo to no-one, even though the word sort of sound kind of similar.

Right.

Let's have a look then.

Okay, So this is the part where you press pause and you just read.

You just, don't have to write anything it's hands-free.

You just read over these 14 words one time within the space of one minute, pressing pause.

Okay, I've got a few questions for you.

Are we ready? 'Course we are.

Let's have a look.

What the difference between laetius and tristis? Laetus is happy and tristis is sad.

What's the difference between sentio and sedeo? A sentient being is one that is able to feel things or sense things.

Sedeo is, sediment is stuff that sits at the bottom of the ocean.

Igitur means what? it means, two, one ooh, therefore, doesn't it? Igitur, therefore.

And, I always forget, -e, -ter, -ly, e, -ter, -ly.

Now your turn, e, -ter.

And -e, -ter.

Okay, celeriter, therefore, means what? E, -ter, -ly.

And ferociter means, e, -ter, -ly.

Good, fiercely.

Triste means.

E, -ter, -ly, sadly.

Callidissimuss.

There's no -e or -ter there, what's this one? This is from a few lessons back.

Good, you've got callidus, callidius, callidissimus.

Callidissimus will be the cleverest, good.

Graviter, graviter will be -e, -ter, ly.

And callidius, hmm, I just mentioned this.

Are we going to get it? Are we going to remember? Really, really, really well done if you remembered that callidius is cleverer.

This is our comparative.

What gender is this adjective? It's not masculine, it's not feminine.

It is, tell me.

It's neuter.

It's neuter, comparative adjective.

Lovely.

What's gravissime? Issime? Right, it's going to be one of these two, isn't it? But then you've got that -e on the end, so we know it's going to be -ly.

So going to be very seriously.

This is our superlative adverb, there it is.

Okay, difference between those three? All to do with communication, Rogo, clamo respondeo.

in two, and there you go, have a look.

Good.

What's the difference between quis and quam? Answers in two.

And, so quis is who, as opposed to quid, which is what.

And quam, nearly rhymes, quam, than.

All right? Callidius quam, cleverer than.

Quis est callidior means what? Quis est, who is cleverer? Good, now add a bit more.

Quis es callidior quam Ulixes? What's that mean? Good, who is clever then Ulysses? Now, give me an answer to that question based on one of the three words, one of the words that we looked at in detail just now.

Who's clever than Ulysses? Answer, begins with an N, answer is, nemo, no-one.

No-one's cleverer than Ulysses.

Also, actually, maybe Nemo with a capital N is cleverer, because that's the name he gives himself when he's being really clever.

I don't know, you tell me.

And the difference between these three, tamen, sed, and sedeo, hmm.

Answers in two, and there you go.

Now I'd like you to point, this is where I come in.

I'd like you to point ad ianuam.

There'll be one, unless you've gone in through the window, there should be one in where you are now.

Point ad ianuam, you're going to point, I'm going to do it, I'm going to do it.

Point at the door.

At the door, right? Now what's ad ianuam sedeo mean, therefore? This'll be, sedeo we just did, it will be, I sit at the door, got that? I sit at the door, Okay.

Now, sentio versus teneo.

Sentio versus teneo.

I'm going to mime something, you tell me which verb it is, okay, I'm going to do this.

That's going to be which one? That's going to be teneo, meaning I hold, good.

And now mime to me that phrase there, consilium callidum capio? Mime that whole thing to me.

Good.

It'll be like that.

You'll be like that, yeah.

You'll be like that.

I have a clever idea.

What's changed in this one? Consillium ferox capio.

Now mime to me, what's that idea like? It's ferox, it is, mime it to me.

It is , it is a fierce idea I have.

What's celer? Mime that to me.

I have a I have a quick, I have a quick idea.

and last of all, grave.

Concilium grave capio.

I have a, what kind of idea? I have a I have a grave, I have a serious, grave, I have a serious idea, okay? Right.

Are we ready? 'Course we are, pen in hand.

One to 14 down the margin, pressing pause to tell me what those words mean there.

Go.

Okay, let's see how we did.

now switching to a different colour pen.

Here are your answers.

How did you do? Fantastic.

Right, hands free again.

Let's have a little look at what our story is about now.

It's likely, and I'm delighted if you did do the lesson two lessons back on the first half of this story.

But if you've come here to do a bit of practise on your adverbs, or if you did that lesson ages ago, and you forgotten the story, then let's have a little recap.

So, this guy called Nemo goes on a great adventure, doesn't he? Nemo he's called no-one.

He's the hero of a Greek poem called "The Nemoessy." No he's not.

So we got up to a point where Odysseus, otherwise known as Ulixes, which is what the Romans called him, I mean we write that name as Ulysses, right? He was trying to get it back to Ithaca after defeating the Trojans in the Trojan War, and he's blown offshore to some distant island somewhere.

He turns up and he sees the smoke in the distance, coming from a cave, take some men with him and they go in there and it's a treasure trove, not of gold and silver or rubies, but of cheese, do you remember this, yeah? And the rest of his men, his comites, the rest of his companions, all say, "Look, dux, look leader, we've got to grab this cheese and get out of town.

Let's get out of here." And he says, " no, no, no, no, no, hold on.

I want to see who this cheese guy is, okay?" So they all stay back and wait for whoever lives in the cave to come home.

And lo and behold, the person who comes home is Polyphemus.

Polyphemus.

Polyphemus, who is a cyclops.

He's only got one eye, okay.

And he's also he's also a shepherd.

He takes some sheep in with him, into his cave and he rolls, he's really strong, he rolls a rock over the doorway or the entrance to the cave.

Only he is strong enough to be able to move that rock.

So, Ulysses and his men can't move it.

They sort of need Polyphemus in order to get out.

Then what happens is, Polyphemus makes a fire, he discovers Ulysses and his men, and Ulysses acts, some people think, quite brazenly, quite arrogantly towards Polyphemus.

Polyphemus says, "Well, who are you? What are you doing where I live, in my house?" He says, "Well, we're really famous Greeks.

And the gods really look after us, and protects us.

And actually it's your duty to give us a really good dinner.

Thanks for that." And Polyphemus says, "Yeah, I'm going to have a great dinner all right.

Don't you worry about that.

Rawr, rawr, rawr." And then he picks up and eats two of Ulysses's men.

All right? Now instead of, however, running away and being scared, Ulysses has an idea, and it involves this thing here.

Do you remember this? All he has with him is just some wine, and his wits, and his , his talent, his cleverness, his , you might say, all right? And using those things, he says, "Well, you had something to eat, Polyphemus, haven't you? It was my men, we'll leave that, though.

You've had something to eat, would you like something to drink? I think you would, wouldn't you? How about some of this wine?" And Polyphemus guzzles the wine down, and he becomes drunk, and he falls asleep.

All right, and that is the point where our story starts.

Got it? Of course you do.

Right, let's have a look.

Now, another thing to bear in mind about what's going to happen is, now there's two things that are going to happen in this story, and the first one is given to you in this clue here.

You've probably heard this story before, read about it, or done it in English, or something.

The first thing involves what Ulysses and his comites are holding, this is a baculum, this is a sort of staff, like a walking stick or something, which, obviously, Polyphemus would use, so it's massive.

Homer, in this episode, describes it as the size of a tree trunk.

It seems a bit thin here, but anyway.

And the other thing is to do with this aries, to do with a ram.

And here you see Ulysses, I won't say anymore, 'cause I don't want to spoil it, but he's been tied, He's tied himself onto the underside, or underneath, this aries, is this ram here.

That's all you're going to hear.

That's where we're going to pick up? Let's find out, let's have a look.

Now, this is the passage for translation that you'll be doing on your own in a matter of minutes.

But before we do that, I'm going to have a look at the things that are trickiest in it.

And one of them is this sentence here.

Not going to give you the exact same sentence, 'cause that means I'd be doing it for you.

But, here we have a student who's made a mistake and I want you to tell me what that mistake is.

So let's have a little look at the sentence first of all, while I move myself for you.

Do you like watching me do this? Yeah, fine.

So, here we've got, Ulixes igitur consilium callidius cepit.

One mistake in that translation, give you 10 seconds to find it, off you go.

Zero.

Right, let's have a look.

Look, you've really got to keep your eye on this one.

This is a very, it's almost nearly a forgivable mistake, because it's so tricky to spot.

The thing to look at here is this callidius, ius, we did a bit of work on this.

and it looks so close to the positive, the positive form, which would just be callidum.

But instead we've got, not callidior, but callidius, which is the comparative.

And the reason why it's not ior, is because it's, what gender? It is.

Lovely, it's neuter, consilium is a neuter noun, so it agrees with callidus, which is the neuter comparative adjective.

Is that comparative? How am I going to change this down here? We could say, let's put a word here.

Therefore Ulysses ha a more, comparative, had a more, or a cleverer you might say, a more clever idea.

Just watch out, there's going to be a callidus in the passage.

Make sure you translate it correctly.

Okay? Right, now, this thing we're going to have a look at is making sure you know the difference between, we did loads of work on it in the grammar lesson, between the adverbial form, -e, -ter, -ly, and the adjectival form in sentences.

What does, and we'll do this one together, tell you what.

Fratres graviter rogaverunt, e, -ter, -ly, so, we want the one with the -ly in, which is going to be, the brothers asked seriously.

Okay, that's all the help you'll get from me.

What's this one mean? Okay, answer in two.

And now, there's no -ly here.

It it would be triste, wouldn't it be? But there's not triste, it's tristes, it's an adjective agreeing with fratres.

So, you're going to translate it as an adjective in front of fratres in the English.

So it's going to be, the sad brothers.

Take note of discesserunt, which is from , and you've got this stem here from goes to , they left, watch out.

What does this mean? E, -ter, -ly.

There you go.

How about this one? Good, -e, -ter, -ly.

All right? And now we're going to have a bit where instead of me doing any work, I'm going to ask you to press pause and take two minutes to translate this sentence here.

Fratres igitur triste discesserunt.

All right? We did igitur in the last sentence.

It should all be coming together there, right.

Off we go, follow the steps, double check everything.

Press pause now.

Okay, now have a little look.

How did we do? Different coloured pen at the ready, answer's coming up here.

So, just focus on this green bit down here, that's your correct answer there.

This is just for you to look at, if you're trying to spot where things went wrong.

Now, one last bit is, technically this adverb can go anywhere.

So, sadly, therefore, the brothers left, would be fine.

Therefore, sadly, the brothers left is okay as well.

So you can put your adverbs anywhere.

All right? In English.

-e, -ter, -ly.

Okay, we ready? Let's have a little look at that first paragraph, which we're going to read together.

So here we have,.

He's been given the , the wine by Ulysses, and he's dormiebat, he's falling asleep.

So, when Polyphemus dormiebat, when I say bar, you say was or were.

When he was sleeping, Ulysses invenit, found an ingens, a huge, baculum, a huge staff, and he consilium cepit, and he had an idea.

His comites, is that one companion or two companions? His companions, in the plural, actuarum, we go to, they sharpened the staff and they posuerunt it in ignem, and they V-U-X-S ed, ed.

They placed it in the ignes, in the fire.

So, it's now sharp and hot, okay.

Tum, then, they miserunt, it's from mito, V-U-X-S, ed, ed, ed ed.

Right, they literally sent, or you might say threw or cast, all right, The staff into oculum, into Polyphemus' eye.

So like that, Okay? All right, and the baculum, the staff, dedit, gave a stridor, a hiss.

All right, just like when, now this simile is in Homer, I've just taken it straight out of the Homeric passage.

Just like when red hot iron cadit, cado, falls into aaquam, falls into water.

So, that's the hiss that comes off when it goes in the eye.

I know, grisly.

Let's have a look.

So, he's still stuck in that cave, how's he going to get out? All right.

Also he now is going to make a big noise, which might attract some of these fratres Polyphemi, all right? So, there's still a bit of peril there to get through.

How is Ulysses going to get out the cave? Pressing pause, translating this paragraph on your own, now.

And please do do the challenge.

Please do finish the story here.

Pressing pause.

Okay, switching to a different colour pen, let's see how we did.

I'm going to.

actually, you can.

Just move myself here.

Yeah.

Right.

So, Polyphemus, now -e, -ter, -e, -ter, -ly, fiercely, good.

Polyphemus shouted fiercely.

And the brothers of Polyphemus hurried quickly to the cave.

So he makes such a loud noise that his brothers, who also live in the vicinity, hear the noise and they come running to the cave and they do so celeriter, quickly.

"Brother," rogabant, they were asking, "Quis, who has graviter, who has seriously wounded you?" Polyphemus tristes, sadly, replies.

Now what name did Ulysses call himself by? He said, "My name is Nemo," so, "My name's Nobody, My name's No-one." And he says, "No-one wounded me." Therefore, the brothers discesserunt, they left.

Like, "Well, if no-one's hurt you, then I'll see you later, mate, stop making such a ridiculous noise." Sed nunc, but now Polyphemus removed the rock.

And he sat at the door, or at the entrance, at the doorway.

And the cyclops sentiebat, wasn't it? He was feeling the sheep when they were leaving from the cave.

However, Ulysses had an idea, callidus, cleverer than the primum, than the first one, okay, or cleverer than the first.

So, everything's not over, even though he's not got an eye anymore, and also that the brothers have gone away.

We've still got an issue, which is that there's only one exit to the cave, isn't there? And so what he can do is just sit at the doorway and anything that comes out he can just feel what's coming out, and if it's a man, he'll just grab them and kill them.

How is Ulysses going to get out? Let's find out, and I gave you a clue with that image earlier.

Let's have a little look, Right.

So Polyphemus was sentie, was feeling, sursum oves, on top of, you might say, well, literally, on top of the sheep, the tops of the sheep you might say.

But Ulysses and his companions were clinging on, were holding on, subter, underneath.

So, that's how they get out.

Now Ulysses and the companions were sailing from the Island, tamen, however, Ulysses he non poterat, he is not able, he was not able, tacere, to be quiet.

He wasn't able to keep quiet, and he laete, e, -ter, -ly, he happily shouted, joyfully, you might say, shouted at Polyphemus, and he says, Non sum Nemo, I am not Nemo, I am not no-one, but I'm who? I'm Ulixes, I'm Ulysses, a fortissimus vir, a very brave and very clever man.

And Like that, okay? All right? What happened? "Ulysses," shouted Polyphemus ferocissime, shouted the very fierce Polyphemus, shouted Polyphemus very, now, -e, -ter, -ly, so it's going to have a -ly on the end, shouted Polyphemus very fiercely.

Lovely.

"Meus pater, my pater, my father, the god Neptunus, the god Neptune," otherwise known as Poseidon, he's the god of the sea, he says, "He will punish you gravissime," -e, ter, ly, "Punish you seriously, punish you issime, "punish you very seriously." You've got two superlative adverbs here.

Tum, then, he mesit, he threw, or sent, three rocks at the ship, but because he was not able to see he missed and Ulysses managed to get away.

And there are in Sicily three rocks that stand out on the Eastern coast, which people still insist were the three rocks that Polyphemus did throw at Ulysses' ship.

Were they? Well I don't know.

Who knows? Probably not.

Right, okay.

So, there's a story on how Ulysses got out.

I hope you enjoyed that.

Once you have marked and corrected your answers you can complete that exit quiz.

And all that's left after that is for us to say goodbye, And for me to hopefully see you in a future unit on other Latin-related topics.

Very well done.

Shall we do a valete in Polyphemus' voice again? Yeah, we will, go on then.

Valete, ho, ho, ho.

Or maybe it's more like an angry one.

Valete Okay, fine.

Valete, very well done, I'll see you on another lesson.

Bye-bye, thank you.