Lesson video

Hello.

How nice to see you all.

This is the first lesson on a unit on relative clauses.

Okay, and if you don't know what that means, that's absolutely fine.

That's what we're here for.

Okay, so without further ado, let's have a look at what relative clauses are all about.

The relative clause, lesson number one.

And we're looking at cases in the nominative.

Our learning objectives are: can I define these following terms, relative pronoun, relative clause and antecedent? Can I recognise and translate nominative forms of the relative pronoun? And can I translate relative clauses containing these forms? Lots of grammatical terminology there.

You'll be fine.

Let's have a little look at some grammatical examples.

But before we do that, some of you will need to press pause because you haven't brought the pen or paper and congratulations and thanks to those who have.

Press pause here if you need to.

Let's have a look.

We go to the ancient classroom and we read a sentence which applies not only to this 2000 year old magister, but also to this a slightly younger magister.

And that is.

The teacher is happy.

And here's another sentence which has the magister in it.

But it's to do with this young man here.

We've got.

The students greets the teacher there.

He is doing it there.

Hello,.

Right? Now, we've got two sentences.

They both have magister in, or forms of magister.

And I'm going to smush them together into one sentence.

It's going to look a little something like this.

We still do subject, object, verb.

All right? So subject, verb, object.

Nominative, verb, accusative.

The student greets the teacher, something is happy.

What do we think? The student greets the teacher, who, thank you.

Who is happy.

It might be.

It is who.

All right, next up we go from the ludas, from the school to the amphitheatrum and we have.

The lioness, a on the end, is fierce.

Another sentence,.

The beast fighter attacks the lioness.

Two sentences which have forms of leaena in, and we're going to smush them together into one sentence.

And it's going to look like this.

The beast fighter, over to the verb, attacks the lioness who, good, is fit.

Or, I mean, if we're talking about animals, you might say, what other pronoun? You might not use, who, but you might also say? Which, good.

So that one may be who or which based on how much he wants to humanise the animal I suppose.

Last of all we go from the amphitheatre to the forum.

And we've got.

The forum is big and also.

Ooh, the, I explore the forum.

Two sentences, both with forum in, we smush them together into one sentence and we get.

The forum quod, the forum not who, the forum which, good.

Like that other use with bestia earlier, the forum, which is big, I explore.

Let's put that together differently.

Let's rethink that one.

We'll start with the I explore the forum, which is big.

That sounds better.

Okay.

What just happened? Well, it's as simple as this, the relative pronoun, we just saw three relative clauses.

All right? And what are the parts of them? And what are the definitions of those things? The relative pronoun is the who or which word, which is linking two clauses, which have a common noun.

Yeah? The relative clause is the sort of the bit which starts with a who, and then goes over to either a comma or a full stop.

And that's a whole clause.

It's not full sentence, but that's a clause with subjects and a verb in.

And it includes a relative pronoun so it's called the relative clause.

All right? So here we go.

Clause with contains the relative pronoun.

And then last of all this tricky word, which you're going to to say with me, antecedent, antecedent.

Thank you.

This is the noun which the relative pronoun refers back to.

It usually comes directly before, or in front of the relative pronoun.

The keyword here is before.

All right, because what's ante mean in Latin? It means before.

Okay, so antecedent literally means goes before.

This is all quite theoretical.

What's it look like in practise? Well, here, we've got the sentence.

I found the man who took my dog.

We'll go through each one in this example.

The relative pronoun in English is just going to be who or which.

So we know we've got that.

Then we go from a trip from who over to either a comma or a full stop.

And that will be a clause, it will have a subject and a verb and that's the relative clause because it includes the relative pronoun.

Now, what's the relative pronoun actually describing or adding information about? Well in order to find that out, we jump one back.

Or we go forward in the sentence, don't be like that whoop.

Okay.

And we get to the word man.

And that's the antecedent.

It's the word that goes in front of the relative pronoun.

Okay? So man, is antecedent, who is the relative pronoun and who took my dog is the relative clause.

In a second you're going to be doing a task, which looks like this, where I'm going to give you six sentences.

I will have underlined and emboldened some bits in those sentences or words.

And you're going to tell me whether they're relative pronoun, relative clause or antecedent.

Before we do that, we're going to have a little practise.

Okay? Now, Aeneas, who had escaped Troy, was shipwrecked.

Mr. Furber, do you want me to translate that into Latin then? Is that what? No, no, no.

This first part is purely in English, all right? English for the first bit and then we'll get onto Latin.

All right? Okay, so, what is who in that sentence? Is it the relative pronoun, relative clause, or antecedent? Three seconds.

And we've got, now.

It's a short word standing in for another one so it's a pronoun.

And it's the relative pronoun! What changes from this one, to what's that bit that's emboldened and underlined? So this is a clause, it's got subject and a verb and here an object and it contains the relative pronoun so it's the relative clause.

Now by process of elimination, you can tell me what Aeneas is, but let's talk it through anyway.

Aeneas is obviously going to be the, tell me, he's the? Yeah, 'cause you need to make sure you know how to pronounce this, he's the antecedent.

One more time, antecedent.

Sorry, antecedent.

Lovely, thank you.

Now, why is he the antecedent? Because you've got your relative pronoun here.

What is that pronoun adding, who is that about? Who is getting information out about them? Well, it's Aeneas, we've been told that he escaped Troy.

And then after that, we're talking about the shipwreck.

So Aeneas, we jump one back, woop.

Like that, woop! Okay, and you get to Aeneas, all right.

He is the antecedent there.

Okay.

What about this thing? Aeneas, who woke up alone, climbed a mountain.

That bit is underlined is what? That's your relative clause.

Aeneas is what? Good, say the word out for me, out loud.

He's the? Very nice, antecedent.

And then therefore who, who or which are always the what? They are the relative pronoun.

Okay, we should be ready to get onto this main task now.

You do not need to copy out the sentences at all.

That's a waste of time.

Instead you do a one to six down the margin.

And just tell me for each one, whether the underlined and emboldened bit is the relative pronoun, relative clause, or the antecedent.

Pressing pause to do that now.

Okay.

A different kind of pen time.

Let's see how we did.

Pressing pause again, well, how do we do? Okay.

Excellent.

Right? Hands free again.

Now it's time, and only now, to have a look at some Latin.

This is all those forms that we saw in those first few sentences, I've now put into this table here.

Okay? Now, so you've got singular and plural, and we're just looking at nominatives for this lesson.

Accusatives, you're going to have to wait a bit.

Now, we'll cover them eventually.

Okay, so now I've got masculine, feminine and neuter.

And do we see how, what's quite interesting and useful about this is that qui it's the same.

Qui means who or which, and it's the same in the plural.

Similarly with quae, which means who or which.

When we get to the neuter, we do have a separate form, but it's quae and that's neuter plural and it's only translated as which.

There's one really important thing which needs to look at here, which is that masculine things, so you'll remember from what we talked about in terms of neuter in our neuter gender lesson or that unit there, which is that things can have a gender.

And that means when you're talking about them, something that's a thing in English, like a pen, okay? Will be feminine, pen-a.

It's feminine in Latin, but it's a thing in English.

So when we would be using a relative clause for pen-a, we would say, pena quae.

Okay, but you wouldn't say, the pen, who, in English, you would say, the pen, which.

So these four here all can be who or which.

Okay? Same like if this were a stilus, a pencil or it's another word for pen, you would say stilus, which is masculine, stilus qui.

But you wouldn't say, the pen, who, you would say, the pen, which.

but you would say magister, masculine, magister qui.

The teacher who.

Now exception to this is the quod, okay? You're not going to use the word who with quod because neuter things, neuter nouns are only ever things.

So quod only ever, it means which and doesn't mean who.

Similarly was quae.

And the other thing that's tricky about that is, you've seen this word before, there's another meaning of quod, which is because.

So everything means two things.

Qui means who or which, as does quae, but quod means two things.

It doesn't mean who or which, it means because and which.

What does quod mean? Tell me.

One more time, quod means? Okay, let's see if that went in.

What's qui and quae, what do they mean? Good.

That is who or which.

What does quod mean? What two things? Lovely.

Because and which.

Qui, what gender is qui? It's masculine.

What gender is quod? Good, neuter.

What gender is quae? Now this is nearly a trick question.

Quae is, that A there's the feminine, but the neuter, you must remember every day, neuter plurals end in A! That A there is also for the neuter plural and it's going to mean which, then.

Quam we've saw with our comparatives lesson.

We had , cleverer.

Which of these four cleverer, than.

Quam, than, it nearly rhymes.

Quam, than.

Okay.

Quod means what two things? Big, strong voice, means? Means because and which.

We're there.

Let's have a little look at this.

Let's have a look at these in full sentences.

Let's have a look at how to translate relative pronouns and relative clauses in full sentences in Latin.

I'm going to do the first one all by myself.

Now the steps for how to do these sentences are extremely important.

Step one is always the same.

And I get my ingredients.

I don't worry about the endings of words or did indeed in this case about punctuation or where the clauses are.

I just think, well, canis is dog, qui is who or which.

Yes.

That means which, okay.

Est is, is.

Laetus, happy.

Currit is is to do with running, so run.

All right.

Word beginnings.

Now step two.

The most important steps for relative clauses are step two and step four.

Step two, what you do is you bracket off the relative clause, you do that for everything.

You do that for the Latin, for the English.

You do that for the annotation.

And then also here's a link the antecedent.

Let's do the bracketing first.

So I go to my relative pronoun, who, and I put a bracket there.

And then I go up to the end of the clause, which is what it's a comma or a full stop and I put another bracket there.

I do the same thing for my English, who, and then I go to happy at the end, bracket there.

Okay? Then the next thing I do is I link my antecedents.

First of all, I need to find my antecedent, which is the word that goes ante, before the relative pronouns which is canis.

Now, when I'm linking, I go up here, all right? Bear with me.

Outside the green box? Yeah.

Yeah.

Bear with me.

And I started my antecedent and I jumped into the brackets like this.

Woo! Okay, you need to make that noise when you do so.

And I do an arrow in that direction like that.

All right? Okay, done.

Why are you doing that? All will be revealed, all will be revealed.

Now word endings and also labelling is step three.

So this one, I'm going to take step three quite quickly here.

In these examples I'm more interested in steps two and four.

All right.

So I know est means he is.

So I put the he in and I know that currit is, he runs.

So, he runs, okay.

That's step three done.

But then step three also includes annotation, going up here.

And now here, I know canis.

It's not been changed.

So that's a nominative.

Now all relative pronouns in this lesson are nominative.

All relative pronouns you'll see are going to be nominative.

So qui, means nom.

Est is a verb and laetus is an adjective and currit is a verb.

Now, why have we spent all this time doing annotation? Well it's because step four is extremely important because, students, once you get to this bit here, this is where problems start happening when students start translating.

You might have a student who goes, right.

Where sentences go a nominative, verb, don't they? Yes.

So you want to do that word then word, or maybe I'm going to do nominative then verb.

But then I also need to know that adjectives, adjectives come before nouns, don't they, when you translate them, they come after nouns.

That's what it is after its nominative in Latin, but we translate them before.

So I'm going to do that word, that word, that words.

We've got, "The happy dog runs, who is." Yeah, I think that's fine.

That's okay.

That's wrong.

Because you need to follow these steps.

Now, one thing I've not done, and I said I would do it, is bracketing off, bracket everything.

Bracket, brackets, brackets.

Now it goes like this.

You start off with your nominative, then if, now look, look at that.

If your nominative has a relative clause links to it, then the next thing you do is you jump into the relative clause.

And once you're inside the relative clause inside the brackets, there's a rule, there's a rule.

You're not allowed to leave the relative clause until you've translated every single word.

Okay, so we go this word, woop, and we jump in and then once we're in, it's like a separate sentence and you stay in there and we've got nom, we've not got an accusative.

We've got an a nominative, a verb and adjective.

So it's going to be this one, be nom, form of est, adjective, we've got that.

There's est.

So it's going to be not, that, that.

Then once you've done every word that's in there, then only then are you allowed to jump out of the brackets and out of the relative clause, wee! And you jump out again and then you go from your nominative to your verb and we end there.

Okay, we don't have an accusative, so we're fine.

And then we translate in that order, The dog, who is happy, runs.

Now this one, conveniently, most students would have got this one right without doing that labelling because, lo and behold, the dog who is happy, runs.

And you were probably thinking, well, that's the answer, you know, a minute ago.

All right? But that's not the case for everything.

And in fact, there's one particular example.

It's very, very tricky where you do need to make sure you follow these rules.

All right.

So for this one, I'm just going to do that.

Look, the dog, we don't need a which, who, we don't need the he, is happy.

We don't need the he, that runs.

And I should get, for the purpose of making sure that it's proper, this is correct, grammatically.

We can get rid of our brackets.

Now for, in terms of punctuation, are we finished? Finished? Shaking heads.

We need put our commas in.

Comma, who is happy, comma, runs.

Okay? Right.

What has gone wrong with this one here? I'll give you five seconds.

Five, one, and stop.

So do we see how, look, we just did the dog who is happy runs, but that wasn't with this Latin.

So something's gone wrong.

I'm just going to sort of, we'll briefly go over steps two and step four, okay? So look, we start with, there's our relative pronoun, there's our antecedent.

We're always going to go from antecedent to, into the relative clause like that.

Wee! All right.

Now, one thing I've missed off, or I've kept neglecting it is the bracketing, all right.

We've got nom, nominative.

Relative pronouns are always what case? They're always nominative in this lesson.

Verb, verb, adjective.

Now this person has gone in the order.

Let's see what's gone wrong.

The dog who has happy runs.

This person's gone, "The dog who," and then they've gone over to is.

No! Because what's wrong with that? Well, our rule is, once you enter, remember, they've gone, "The dog who is," no, no, no.

Once you enter the relative clause, you're not allowed to leave the brackets, not to leave that clause til you've translated every word.

So the dog, nominative, verb.

Now we've done every word and now I jump outside, verb, adjective.

All right? And this one means, "The dog, who is running or runs, is happy." Okay? Now, all that changes on this one is that we've got an accusative over here.

So the rules are the same.

I'm just going to do exactly the same annotation as before.

Just quickly show you.

We bracket off, all right? We find our antecedents.

Which is canis.

And then, make the noise with me.

We're going to jump from canis to qui.

Are we ready? Three, two, one, wee, like that.

And then direction goes like that, okay? Then we do some annotation.

Canis is my nominative or accusative? Canis is nominative, thank you.

Qui is nominative or accusative? All relative pronouns in this lesson are? Nominative.

Virum, what letter do singular accusatives end in? Good.

Nominative or accusative? Virum is accusative.

Salutat is a verb, est, and we've seen est a bunch of times.

We got verb, adjective, okay? Now, done the bracket done that, done that.

We go down here to make sure we get our order correct.

You do nominative.

You start with a nominative and then I've already done, when I did the linking antecedent, I've done what my next step must be, okay? And then the other thing, let's put these brackets in.

The other thing must be once I'm in the relative clause, I can't go outside.

I can't translate that verb over there.

I can't translate the accusative.

I have to translate every word that's in there.

Now, once I get outside, I've done that.

Am I going to go next to virum next? Or am I going to go? I've done every word in the relative, I've got my order, sorry, for every word in the relative clause.

Am I going to do my accusative next? Am I going to go, dog, who is happy, man, greets.

This is, you're fine.

The dog who is happy and then look, that's my nominative bit.

I go back outside.

I think we're going to be nominative, done with that.

Then to my verb, do we see that? Then over to the verb, and then back to the accusative.

This is why, since you just see, not all of them are just that word, that word, that word, that word, that word, that word.

You do have a bit of variation.

And this will be, the dog who is happy, greets the man.

Okay? This next mistake is extremely frequent.

Comes up all the time.

What's wrong with, the man's dog who has happy, greets.

What's wrong with that translation? Give you 10 seconds, just have a look at it and a think.

Two, one, and, okay.

Let's have a look.

So it's this bit, isn't it? It's what going on around here.

Okay? But let's have a look at how we get to the right answer.

Right, now, step one is actually fine.

Okay, because this person has translated, every word that's here has been translated and that's fine.

but we need to bracket our relative clause off.

Bracket, bracket.

And then we make the noise of the antecedent.

So what now? What is the antecedent in this sentence? Tell me in a big, strong voice after three, two, one.

It is? Good.

It's canem.

We jumped one back.

And we don't do a line going that way.

We start with canem and we do it up here and we go, with me, you ready? Three, two, one, whee! Like that.

Okay? And that means that when we get to canem, the next word that we have to translate is going to be qui.

No excuses, all right? Done.

Word endings are actually all fine, they're okay.

Now my next thing I do is going to be doing some labelling actually as part of step three.

So vir is doing the verb, it's beginning of the sentence.

It's not been changed.

I know that's my nominative.

Now what letter do singular accusatives end in? M! So we've got canem is our accusative.

Qui, all relative pronouns are nominative or accusative? They're all going to be nominative in this lesson and this lesson alone.

That is my nominative.

We've seen est laetus a whole bunch of times now, verb, adjective and this last word is going to be a verb.

Okay.

On to step four.

Now, nominative, verb, accusative.

Let's start with our nominative.

Am I going to go to qui next? Am I going to go to canem next? No.

What word am I going to, now bear in mind.

Here's my brackets, I always forget to put in my brackets.

It's going to be nominative.

The next thing I have to translate is going to be a verb.

Now, is it going to be this verb? Nodding heads or shaking heads.

It's going to be shaking heads.

'Cause that's within.

My only way into the relative clause is via canem.

All right, so my verb, the next word I'm going to translate my verb is, it's tough.

It's not easy.

It's what? All the way over.

Let's go, you ready? It's all the way over at the end of the sentence.

It's going to be like this, woo! Like that, all the way over to the other side.

That's tricky.

All right.

Okay? I can see why students find it so difficult.

It's very, very counterintuitive.

You start off with the man and instead of doing that word next, so doing this word next, you go right the way to the end of the sentence to get to your next word to translate in English.

But once you've done that, you're fine.

Nominative, verb, accusative, I need.

I can't go in here and I go back to the rest, all falls into place.

I go back to my accusative and then once I'm here, look! What's my next step? I already did that bit.

I then jump into the relative clause, the accusative, nominative and then it's nominative, verb, adjective like that.

All right? Nom est adj.

There's my est.

All right? Now that's weird.

It's like a tennis match or something.

Look, you know? It's like a tennis match, my impression.

Wimbledon is obviously it cancelled isn't it.

So, but how are we going to translate it? Let's put it together.

The man greets the dog who is happy.

Now there's all sorts of mistakes that students can make here, all right? You get this one either way.

They just go man, dog, who was happy, greets.

They treat the sentence like a conveyor belt or something.

Man, dog, who is it? The man's dog who's happy.

Greets the man who is happy, he greets the dog.

That might be another one, that can't work.

Because obviously, the antecedent is the dog.

All right.

But the key thing to remember when you see a sentence like this one in the sentences you'll be doing on your own is that if you've got nominative accusative, if your relative clause isn't immediately after the nominative, you're going to need to jump to the end before you get any who in there, before you translate the word who or which.

One more time.

If qui isn't second word, yeah? If your relative clause isn't immediately after nominative you need to go right over to your verb, need to do the last word next.

It's going to go that, that, and then you go back to your accusative and then everything should fall into place.

Okay? Let's see if that makes sense.

Here's some examples, which is the correct translation of Good, let's have a look, it's going to be that second one.

We've got nominative, accusative.

And then, so we go that word over to the end, greets the gladiator.

Then we jump into our relative clause, who fights or who is fighting.

is mistranslated here as, your shops, which are excellent you visits.

What's going to happen? You start with tu and then where do you go? You and then where'd you go? Tell me the Latin word that we're translating next.

It's going to be two, one, good.

It's visitas.

So you visit, then we jumped back to the shops, which are excellent, or which are the best.

Are we ready? This word, now, if there's no qui or quae here, all right? Or quod.

This word, then this word, then that one, blah, blah, blah.

Okay.

You're ready.

Off you go on your own.

Okay.

Right.

So use a different colour pen.

Let's see how we did.

I'd be really pleased if you got this, this is the hardest thing we've yet done in Latin.

So we're going to do this word.

Let's do the, I'll put the annotation in, actually.

It's going to be, I mean, there'll be writing over the two minutes and stuff, but.

This word, then to the verb.

And then back to accusative and we jumped into the relative clause, and then we keep going like that.

So, the mother greets the son who walks or who is walking.

Really, it's just fantastically well done if you've got that right.

This is not easy Latin.

Okay, so I'm extremely pleased about how well you're doing.

That, and also I'm extremely pleased because you're going to be doing that six more times on these sentences.

Press pause.

No,.

I skipped ahead.

There's one more tricky thing to look at, which actually it's absolutely fine.

It's be easy.

And that is that quod means what two things? Quod means because and which.

One more time, quod means? Thank you.

So what's wrong with this one? Student here thinks, well, quod means because or which.

Let's go for which.

You visit the shops, which are the best.

Actually the correct translation of this one will be because, thank you.

So this should be, now I could talk all day about, in fact, no.

Let's talk about it.

Tabernas, there's two reasons why this is a bit tricky.

One of them is that tabernas is feminine.

So this should be quae.

And the other one is that, do we see, look, this can't be read as a pronoun as such, because I jump one back and I made it.

I'm with a verb over here.

Look, look! Whereas I have to jump two back in order to get to my noun if I were going to link.

So if you see quod after the verb, it's probably going to be because, and if you see quod after a noun, then it's the relative pronoun.

And the noun is the antecedent and you're looking at a relative clause.

So it means which.

All right, let's see how we do on that.

What's the best translation of ? Good.

It's going to be that first one again here.

This second one doesn't make sense.

So usually sometimes sense will also get you there too.

Which one there? You can use sense for this one.

Good.

This one's going to be which.

You gave the gift, which.

Note how this one, again, a student might say, your gift, which is beautiful, you gave.

No, no, no, no.

Nominative, accusative.

So you're going to go that word, that word, that word, blah-blah-blah.

Yeah? Yeah.

Well done.

This one.

Now this one's nice and tricky, right? Because the sense, they both make sense, don't they? All right.

So actually you said, well, which is it going to be? And actually this is a relative clause because look, quod, you jumped one back and you get your noun.

So this is a relative pronoun.

This one, however, all right? Quod, you jump one back and we get a verb.

And that means this is a conjunction.

That means that this one is the because one, all right? That's, I loved the gift because it was beautiful.

What do we think? On example number two over here, press pause.

What does this sentence mean? Now, , is I have an idea.

That's all you're going to get from me in terms of vocab clues.

Press pause.

Because or which, which one? Off you go.

Okay, switching to different colour pen.

Our answer is, you had an idea, which was good.

Okay? Fantastic.

Right, we're ready.

Okay.

No, we're not! I always forget.

Now, don't think that there's, that sorry.

Quae, remember is a neuter plural that can also mean which.

So here, tu verba, it's not your words, all right? You said the words.

You must remember every day, neuter plurals end in A.

You said the words, which were excellent or very good or the best.

Now we can move on to that main task.

It's time for me to hand over to you and put all that learning into practise, there's six sentences, off you go.

And never, ever forget the challenge.

Have a look at that.

Have a look at those two sentences.

And switching to a different kind of pen now.

Well done! Let's have a little look, see how we did.

So answers one to three.

I'll give you time to mark them.

Press pause.

I'll talk through some of them in a sec.

So for these present tense verbs here, if you wrote who is sleeping, that's absolutely fine.

The dog, who fierce, is sleeping.

Similarly, I notice or catch sight of is fine for conspicio.

The boy who is running is absolutely fine.

Makes more sense in English, I suppose, than who runs.

Here's the second batch.

Good.

Now for you, please do put in the singular.

If you miss it out.

Towards obviously is fine instead of to.

Have a look at, as opposed to look, no, see is probably best for videmus.

And then this one, you can put the because wherever you want.

So the girl was despairing because the dog fled is absolutely fine.

Okay? That one I was a bit mean to you, okay? Where actually the quod there became or came after a noun, but the girl was despairing whose dog fled.

We haven't done whose, you know, that doesn't make as much sense, does it? So that one is because.

Okay, press pause here to correct your or, if you did the challenge, fantastic.

Press pause here to have a look and see how you did.

And once you've done all those things, then go onto that exit quiz.

All that's left is for us ♪ To say valete to one another ♪ And don't go anywhere unless you remember that qui and quae mean what two things? They mean who and which.

And what two things does quod mean? It doesn't mean who, quad means, tell me? Good.

It means because and which.

One more time means because and which.

Great, okay.

and well done.