Lesson video

This is the second lesson on relative clauses.

And it's now looking at what it looks like, not in the normative, but in the accusative.

Now, more importantly in this lesson, you'll also be learning, not about just about latin, but also about a particular English word, which some people insist is outdated and has no place in the Latin classroom.

And I beg to differ.

What on earth could that word be? Let's have it a look.

Right now.

Relative clause, grammar lesson number two, this time focusing on the accusative, our learning objectives are can I recognise and translate accusative to forms of the relative pronoun? And can I translate relative clauses containing these forms, press pause, if you need to get any of these things in order to access today's lesson, and now we're ready.

Let's transport ourselves back through time.

to have a look at some instances of this grammatical point.

Now, here we go into the ancient classroom and we have a sentence which describes not only this 2000 year old teacher, but also this slightly younger than 2000 year old teacher.

That's Magister Est Laetus.

Mr.Furbert, you did this bit on the previous grammar lesson do you remember? Oh yeah, I did.

Sorry, uhm Okay.

Yes.

On that lesson, what we did was we had this sentence, the teacher's happy, and we had another sentence with the teacher in it which was the student greets the teacher.

And then we smashed the food together uh into one sentence by using the relative pronoun and a relative clause.

And we got the students and we didn't do the student's teacher.

We went the student we jumped off verb.

The student greets the teacher who is happy.

That was fun.

Wasn't it? That was okay.

But there is another way of doing exactly the same thing.

Okay.

You ready? Let's have a little look.

Okay, so we still got look, the teacher being happy.

We still got the students greeting the teacher, but I've swapped.

The I've made what was previously not the relative clause into the relative clause.

Let's have a look.

We've got the teacher, let's say for quem, what'd you think Quem who let's go for it.

The teacher who the student greets is happy.

I'm going to give the game away by saying that actually I want to don't want to translate this word by saying who technically actually properly correct English.

Would these translate this pronoun as whom we look at that in a sec, but the teacher whom the student greets is happy, let have another one! So we had last time that we went to the amphitheatre, the lion is fierce, the beast fighter attacks and lioness, sorry.

And then we've got the beast fighter over two other attacks, the lioness who is fierce, but there is another way of uh using the relative clause to make the same sentence, or to make the same, take these two sentences and make one sentence.

And that is this.

The lioness, now could mean whom let's go for which and it will you'll get the sense when you, the lioness, which the beast fighter attacks is fierce.

And then we went to the forum.

Didn't we we've got the forum is big.

And I explored a forum.

We smashed them together using a relative clause.

Last time the forum, hold on, I explore the forum, which is big, but there is another way to do the same thing.

But switching the two clauses rounds and we get, the forum which I explore is big.

What was the point of that switching out then? Right.

Well, in order to understand that we'll just go over very quickly.

The terminology that we looked at last time, the relative pronoun is a small word it's a who or which word and also I'm adding this new one, which is whom, all right, which links two clauses, which have a common noun Your is a clause which contains the relative pronoun, who, which, or whom, and your antecedent is still, it's not going anywhere.

It's still the uh noun, which the relative pronoun refer back to.

And it usually comes directly before antecedent, ante, before, the relative pronoun, this is what we did last week.

Here's your example.

I found the man who took my dog, who is the relative pronoun who took my dog.

You go from who down to some punctuation, usually.

All right.

And that's your relative clause because it contains a relative pronoun and then from the relative pronoun, you jump one back to the word before, ante and you get to the antecedents, the reds of pronoun gives more information about the antecedent, all right? Who is this man? Well, he's that one who took my dog.

Now, there is another way of writing exactly the same two actions.

You've got two actions here.

Haven't you, you've got the finding of a man and you've got a man taking a dog.

And another way of doing that is this way.

And this is where I get to explain what whom is all about.

Okay.

Another way of writing, the same thing is the man whom I found took my dog, the man whom I found took my dog.

Now why let's just look at the structure of it first.

Exactly the same as before.

Okay.

We've got a who? Which, or whom word that's our relative pronoun, the clause.

So from the pronoun over to a comma is going to be our relative clause.

All right? And then we jump one back and we get our antecedent What are we doing with finding more out about this man Aren't we? Oh, well he was found by me.

Okay.

That's some more info.

So that's the same, but what's going on with whom? Let's have a look, whom is the object form.

So in Latin, the accusative form of who object form of who.

All right.

Over here, who's doing that.

Who did the taking? In this sentence here, who took my dog? it was the man.

The antecedent did the verb.

Didn't they? Okay.

So therefore you had, who, who did the finding? Who did the finding in this? Oh, it was me who was found, who received the finding.

It was whom it was the man.

It was the antecedent.

So if the antecedent is receiving the verb in the relative clause, you want the object form of who, which is whom I will say that one more time.

If the antecedent is receiving the verb and the relative clause, then you need the object form of who in English, which is whom.

Okay.

Let's have a little look.

That's some info in practise.

You'll get it.

Theoretically.

It sounds tricky.

But it really isn't, right here is we're going to do a task.

Like the previous grammar lesson.

Your first task is actually going to be entirely in English.

I know, boo hoo.

All right, you'll be doing some last minute bits, but it's going to be, you're going to be playing a game that my students love to play.

I mean, they play in the playground who, whom, which, yeah.

Lets play a game of who, whom, which.

Right? And it'll look like this.

You'll get uh seven sentences.

which have the word who in, but actually you'll need to decide the best use of English is to have who, whom or which, not all of these are correct.

You might need to change some into whom or some into a which, but we're going to do some practising before that.

So look Aeneas who woke up alone, climbed a mountain.

Now this one, do we see we've doubled? It sounds like it's right, but let's check.

The first thing we do is we look at our, who we find our antecedent and we see, is this a thing? Or is this a person? And Aeneas is a person which means it's going to be who or whom if it would a thing, it would have to be which all right, then what I do and I think is Aeneas doing or receiving the verb in my relative clause.

Well, he's doing the waking up.

Therefore he's the subject.

The subject form of who is who, who is correct.

The mountain Mount, who I know that's wrong.

The mountain who was very tall, provided a view of a distance city.

Now who, whom, Which, which one do we want? We jumped one back.

We find our antecedents.

Is it a person or an object? This one is an object it's a thing.

It's a mountain.

So I don't want these two.

And I want to tell me, I want to tell me, do you want, which good's got that.

Now next up the town who Aeneas saw was Carthage.

Your turn.

What's the correct answer in three two and good.

We jumped one back and the town is a thing.

It's not a person.

So we want which now, before we move on, though, have a look at this.

Alright.

The mountain, which was very tall.

Is the mountain doing the verb in the relative clause here? Yes, it is.

So this is the subjects here though.

The town which Aeneas saw.

Is the town doing the verb in the relative clause here? Shaking.

It's no.

Cause Aeneas is doing the verb.

Bear that in mind, for this example here, the woman who Aeneas saw was queen Dido.

Sounds right.

Okay.

But which is it going to be? Okay.

Lets have a look.

The answer is really well done.

If you've got it, is whom is our new favourite word, let's just say whom to each other.

A couple of times whom to one, I'm going to bring myself in whom whom you lean into that m I want to hear it.

Okay.

Right, now, why is this whom? Because first of all, it's not which, because the woman is a person and not a sex.

It can't be which then we get to this form here and we see that a Aeneas is, is the woman doing the seeing and the clause? Well, the woman whom Aeneas saw.

No, no, no.

Hold on Aeneas is doing the seeing.

Therefore she's receiving the verb.

So we need the object form.

And the object form of who is whom one more, the men who Aeneas saw where his friends what's the correct form here.

And it's going to be whom again, isn't it? Good.

Because the men inside that relative clause is the man.

This is the antecedent here receiving the seeing.

And this is doing the, seeing and the object of the relative clause.

So it's going to be whom, okay.

I think we're about ready to play our game of who, Whom, Which, who, whom, which pressing pause.

You don't need to copy out at all.

You don't need to copy out the seven sentences.

You just do one to seven down the margin.

And you tell me whether it's going to be who, whom, or which let's see.

How are we going to do pressing pause here Who, whom, which, okay.

Switching to a different coloured pen.

Let's find out how we did, answers are as follows.

Excellent.

Right Hands completely free.

Let's see what this looks like in Latin.

So this is the table that we saw last time or two lessons ago, back in the first grammar lesson.

And now I'm going to add these endings or these forms of the relative pronoun.

Here.

Okay, good.

So I've added the accusative.

We've got quem.

Now we'll talk about these in a second.

I'll run you through how to learn these in a minute, but for now I'd like to just plug that look whom, quem.

This is why actually learning Latin is so important for your understanding of English grammar, the cause the reason why whom has an M on there and in English, still latin isn't it.

Okay.

And there's no excuse for not knowing that Quem means whom its there, put the m on the end.

Started for you.

Um right.

The other thing is what letter do singular accusatives end in M all right.

Of course.

They've got an M on the end.

They're singular accusative.

It's what you'd expect.

Singular accusatives end in m.

What letter do plural accusatives end in? S okay.

You know just like, you know, or something.

So that's what you would expect to, there's no plural of whom in English.

We'll talk about that in a sec.

There's a couple of things that are tricky.

Let's look at this, quad.

We remember from last or two lessons back McKean means as well as meaning, which also means because the other thing is we've already learned that quam meant them.

more fierce than, or fiercer than Khalidi or qualm, cleverer than qualm can also mean whom or which it's tricky.

The way to remember it is, as far as I could ask you to remember this table, I'm not going to do that instead.

I'm going to break it up and treat it like vocabulary.

All right.

Now like almost like we're in a translation lesson.

Now these are the three that we did last week.

Qui and quae can mean two things.

Okay.

They both mean who are, which, and quad means a different two things.

And that's because and which now I'm adding some more stuff in it Quem means two things.

And it means either whom or which.

Qualm means three things.

And it means whom qualm.

That means whom they all mean, which in some way, so that's done itself.

And then all you do is add on the fact that quam means that.

And you already knew that.

Alright.

And then last of all, quos and quas are your accusative plurals.

We know their object form, you know, they're accusative of what letter do plural accusatives end in S right.

And there's no plural accused.

There was no plural of whom in English.

So it just stays as a whom.

So we know it's an object, objects in English is whom or which you may pause here and just have one little look at these words, if you need to, because I'm going to be quizzing you on them in a sec.

So press pause here.

If you need to have a look at these, okay.

Lets have a little look.

Qui means what a little quiz, Quem means what? Great whom or which.

Qui means what? Qui is nominative, who or which, quos or quas? what.

Do what letter do plural accusative, End in S is accusative.

So it's whom good quad means what two things hasn't changed for the last couple of lessons.

Quad means great, because and which and what three things can Quam mean? Good.

Okay.

let's have a look Quam is whom or which, and quam also means than, great.

Okay.

Which of these six words here means because nothing its going to be quod which of the six means than in Latin.

We just did it.

Good.

That's going to be, than is quam now, which of the six mean who, okay, this is tough for who you need nominative and they're going to be not neuter.

So nominative masculine and feminine.

That's qui and quae.

Whom, which of these words mean whom, good, This one's a bit easier.

So Quem and Quam are going to mean whom, and then also the plural of quem and quam it's quos and quas They all mean whom.

And then, which of them mean which this is a trick question, which mean which.

All of them mean which!, they all mean which in some form or another, quem they can all mean something else, all right? None of them just mean which, but they can all in some context mean which.

quad means what? Two things, one of them is which what's the other one because great.

Then quam means what? Two things, big, strong voice quam is than whom than and which great.

Now what does this look like in full sentences here is an example.

I'm going to do the first one myself, listen up.

It's not easy.

Okay.

So Right, So the first thing we do as always step, when we get our ingredients, what are we dealing with here? So Prunella, girl Quam.

Now I'm going to do a lot of writing here.

Qualm can mean three things.

What are they? Qualm is than.

I'm going to do them down here, than, whom, which I'm going to have to decide which one it is aren't we tu I know means you.

Now we did this previous unit.

So you're going to be now.

Don't worry about that tu.

We just know it means you salutas, is greet and est is, is, and pulchra.

I'm going to go down here is beautiful.

Right step one is done.

Now remember our things that we did, we ah relative clauses.

That means you have to bracket off your relative clause, so we go here, we do bracket here.

We do bracket here.

We do a bracket here.

And then we, you, we go to greet with a bracket there, right? It's very, very important.

That's done.

We find our antecedent, which means we go to a relative pronoun.

We jumped one back, we got a antecedent, which is Puella And then do we have to link? Yeah.

Which is where you start here.

And then you go and you jump into the relative clause and you do an arrow.

It looks like that.

All right? And then what I also do is I check my case and that means I start labelling things to make sure I know you're labelling step two at this time.

All right.

To make sure I know what's doing what.

So for example, quam, is it going to be nominative or accusative well quam is accusative it's receiving the verb whom object all right? Cause that's my acc.

Let's do the rest.

Puella nominative tu is now, this is where we have.

We use our look.

This is echo.

And two, if the previous unit is that knowledge still there is it nominative or accusative well the accusative form is the T to, I knows you.

And you're doing the verbs nominative sign, use hostile verb.

S as a verb in poker is an adjective.

Okay.

So that's that done? We're just check our word endings tu salutas Salutas also means O S T ultimately you greet.

And is there's a she missing a let's put it in some est doesn't just mean, is it means she is, have we got any plurals at this stage? No.

Okay.

Right now this is where things get very important.

Remember what our rules were? and it goes like this, you start off with our nominative.

Now our next thing we're going to translate, which should be verb.

Isn't it? When? No, no, no.

Cause we've done this link.

Haven't we, so we make sure we jump into the relative clause.

And once we're in the relative close, we're not allowed to leave the relative clause until everything's done.

Now, what's really odd about this.

And this is why I need to make some adjustments down here because we're not going to translate nonverb acc.

If we've got a form of quam, all right.

If we've got a whom, if there's going to be a whom in there is the next thing we need to realise is which of these three are we going to have? Well, actually I've got a relative clause here, so it's not going to be than.

I've got not got an adjective here to do a comparison.

So it's not that.

And this is a person not a thing, so I'm not going to have which.

So I know this is going to be whom.

Now nominative I jumped in.

I've got an accusative.

That's odd.

Because normally I get to the accused is at the end when I'm translating, what am I going to do? We'll actually do remember we had a look, you're going to go.

The girl whom you greet.

So actually within a relative clause with whom it's actually going to go, you translate ACC, nom, verbs.

You actually do one, two, three within.

If you start in a relative clause with whom, all right? blah, blah, blah.

And then I've done every word that's in there.

So I can now jump out of the razor claws and I've got verb and adjective.

So actually still, it's not that tricky.

Cause I'm actually just still doing, you know, one word off the other.

It's still sequential.

Alright, but putting it together in English is weird.

We really have to concentrate.

We've got the girl now, is it going to be the girl whom loves you? No, it doesn't make sense.

Who's doing the loving where you are.

Sorry.

The greeting who's doing the greeting well you aren't you.

So the girl whom you greet is beautiful.

One more time.

The girl whom you greet is beautiful.

How do we know? There's three reasons why we know that the girl isn't doing any greeting.

The first one is that that's accusative.

The second one is that, that is nominative.

And that means you use your denigrating in the third one is this S on the end, O S I U so mean you're doing the greeting.

So there's no excuse for writing the girl who greets you.

You might think that because you've got all look who or whom it doesn't matter.

Who cares? You greet, who you greet is a very, very standard error.

Alright, so try and avoid or make sure you avoid that.

You have to really scrutinise what you've got and that's right out.

Nice and neat.

The girl whom you greet is beautiful.

Full stop.

Okay.

Bear that in mind, because I'm about to show you an extremely frequent error.

And you're going to tell me precisely, why it's wrong off you go.

I've got And we've got that translation.

The girl who loves you is beautiful 10 seconds.

What is wrong with that? Five, four, one.

And look, come on.

You're fine.

quam.

We just did this, right? We just did a version of this, except for.

So one more time.

Let's go over it again.

Quam is this nominative or accusative is going to be nominative or accusative quam.

It's going to be show me accusative bracket itself.

We'll just look at what's going on in here now tu normative or accusative tu is we just did it It is nominative.

Amas is your verb.

Now this has been translated.

Who loves you, which implies that, who the, who word is going to be nominative and that the you word is going to be accusative.

Cause that's who is doing the loving, the girls doing the loving in this sentence is the girl doing the loving in this sentence? No, the girl whom you love is beautiful.

Okay? So actually you need to swap these rounds and get rid of the s.

And this becomes whom whom, okay.

The girl whom you love really frequent mistakes.

Because actually the, this is where Latin is different.

This is where Latin is unique.

Really interesting.

Okay.

Because um the girl who loves you in Latin would be blah, blah, blah.

All Right And do we see how you've got, who word, you've got you word.

You've got love words.

All right.

So the word order doesn't change.

Alright.

But the word ending does, and that's, what's so important.

The girl whom that's object accusative, you nominative love.

All right.

So it's not, the students would look at that and they go, we've got who I've got you.

And I've got a love word.

The girl who loves you is beautiful.

Sort of makes sense.

I'm sure it's fine, but that's wrong.

The girl whom you love is beautiful.

Okay? Right.

Let's see how we're doing on that front.

Similarly, this is another mistake we would roll on briefly.

This is where a student has seen quam and they're going, I know that means whom.

So it's in the bag, but they've not actually logged what that means.

Grammatically in their heads.

They're gone.

The girl whom loves you is beautiful.

Which actually is just the same as the girl who loves you.

It's the same as this one.

It's just, they just put an M on the end without realising that that's receiving the love and the relative clause.

So this is the girl whom you love just to sort them around is beautiful.

What does this sentence mean here? its the third one, All right? Quem means whom.

So it's not going to be this first one.

Okay.

Even though you might think, well look who sister greets who greets the sister.

Now look quem, whom the man, whom the sister greets is happy.

This is bad English.

It doesn't make sense.

This is an existing English whom greets the sister.

You've got two objects here.

Haven't you? Whom is an object? Sister's receiving the greeting.

It doesn't make any sense.

Whom the sister greets.

One more.

What's going on here? Okay.

Answer in two.

And now this one is, it's not just going to be whom all the time is it.

Look, there's no M on the end.

This is nominative.

You could have done this two lessons ago, the woman who, and then this is accusative it's receiving the, expecting the woman who expects or waits for her brother is happy.

Great.

What's changed in this one.

What's going on here.

So have a look into, and this one also is nominative look, nominative no M on the end, accusative receiving the greeting.

The man who greets his sister is happy, how about this one good.

So we should see that this one is the other way.

Round is not the same as the last two we've done.

What letter do plural accused is ended.

S so we're going to need to whom aren't we? Similarly, this is not accusative.

There's no M here.

So that means the brother is the one doing the waiting or the expecting the women whom the brother expects or waits for are sisters.

Okay.

Time for you to have a go.

Alright, take your time.

Pressing pause to complete.

Is it going to mean who? you're going to be fine in two and pause.

Okay.

Different colour paint.

Let's see how we did.

I'm excited about this.

Okay.

So we'll just focus on the green down here.

The sister, do we get it whom she's not doing any greeting whom the brother greets great is happy.

Delightful.

How extremely proud there's students who get this wrong right away.

Up to the top of, of all ages.

Okay.

Right.

Let's have a look now.

You're ready.

You're ready.

Now.

It's all done on the main task.

Number two, just really scrutinise those homes and ask these six questions off you go and never forget the challenge.

Look at that challenge.

Have a go at it for me.

Okay.

Switching to a different colour pen.

Let's see how we did.

Number one there.

So press pause.

I will just talk through a couple of them in a few seconds on my end, but for you, it might be a couple minutes time pressing pause, if you need to.

So for number one, you may write the boy who am I see as my friend.

That's fine.

Cause that's possessive.

Adjective is implied, all right? The girl who searches for looks for me, it's fine.

Similarly is my daughter is absolutely fine.

The food, which makes sure this is which not whom, because food is a thing which you prepared V.

There was now very good or the best is absolutely fine for excellence.

Let's Pause here to have a look and see how you did for all the numbers 4 to 6.

Good.

Okay.

So here again, the V there is what's key greeted.

Yeah.

Nos.

Really make sure this is one where I guarantee you, loads of students would just go, ah, our temple.

No, no, no, no, no.

We were searching for the temple, which was beautiful.

It's probably going to be, which was beautiful.

Not because it was beautiful if it was because then you would have the quad there after quaerebamus all right.

The dogs, which you fear or are afraid of or scared are fiercer or more fierce than the rest.

Pause here to have a look at the challenge, create your answer for that.

And other than that, all that's left is to complete that exit quiz.

And you're going to tell me as well.

Well, first of all, what we're going to do is just say the word whom at each other a bunch of times whom whom, and it's the object form of who all right.

Quam or quem, then you're going to tell me the two things that quad means.

Quad means what two things, good because and which.

And tell me the three things that quam can mean big, strong voice quam can mean goods.

It's going to be whom which then one more time quam is which than fantastic valete.

Very, very pleased do look at the translation lessen for this.

That's put all this grammatical knowledge into practise and see what Aeneas is up to in the next lesson that, okay.

So I'll see you there for the translation lesson.

That's an extremely well done valete.