Lesson video

- This is the, now it's the first translation lesson in our unit about third person pronouns and demonstrative pronouns.

But it is the second translation lesson in our, in our sort of, three parts overarching story to do with the return of Ulysses, otherwise known as Odysseus, to Ithaca, to his homeland after 20 years.

And, in this chapter, in this section of the story, we're going to be focusing on these two female characters called Penelope and Eurycleia.

Let's have a little look.

Practise translation.

Ulysses, Penelope and Eurycleia.

Our learning objectives are, can I translate fluently a Latin passage containing third person pronouns and have a consolidated previous core vocabulary.

Press pause here if you need to to get the items required for today's learning.

Thank you to those who came prepared, and I'm ready to move on.

You better be too.

Let's have a look at that vocab.

These are the 14, either most frequent, most difficult words that will be coming up in today's passage for translation.

And you must know them front to back, but we're going to take a close up look at the following four.

' Now, first of all, se.

Se is a third person pronoun, why didn't we do it in that grammar lesson then? Because it's a different type and se is what's known as the reflexive third person pronoun, and that means it always refers back to the self, se self.

And it has four possible translations in there, four, yeah, I know.

And they are as follows: himself, herself, itself, themselves.

No look, se, self, se, self, all right, that's how you remember it.

Um, we're going to loads of work on it for now, himself, herself, itself, themselves, one more time, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

Itself, themselves.

Se, self, all right? Next up, don't confuse that with eum and eam, eum means him or it, eam her or it, we're going to do loads of work on it.

Now curo, another tricky one.

Our derivation, I think it means I cure isn't it? No! Our derivation is, you see that u there and in your head you just put a little hat on the u and you turn it into an a, all right car-o, and it means I care for, I care for, curo, I care for.

First of all, you might think it means I cure, and it doesn't, it means I care for.

And the second thing that's tricky about curo is it looks like these other Latin words that you also know.

Cur means why, as if in you're curious, you're always asking why, and curro, with two r's, is I run, as in a river's current is when a river runs.

Alright.

Curo though, just the one r, I care for.

Curo, I care for, u becomes an a.

Be careful, not these words.

Iubeo, we've seen a few times, if you've never seen it before, let's say hello now.

Now there is a derivation in English, which is usive, which you will eventually see in your Latin career, but that's a harder word than iubeo, which means I order.

You might want to say it looks a bit like, coincidentally, it looks a bit like the English word obey, and it means the opposite of obey.

You obey an order.

Some students remember it that way.

Iubeo, I order, and its perfect tense: V U X S E, iussi, iussi, I ordered, V U X S I, -ed, -ed, -ed, -ed.

Okay, iubeo, order.

But, we saw in the previous translation lesson, let's look at it again.

We're about to read an adaptation of the Odyssey.

Which is an epic poem, and it includes epic similes.

Ut is the simile word, okay.

It has no derivations in English, which is why it's so difficult.

And, but it means, it introduces similes.

So it means, you know what similes are from your English learning, as, or, like, it's two letters long and as is also two letters long, so you can remember it like that.

Ut, as, ut, as, once you've got as, just add like on the end, because you know those are the simile words from English.

Okay, are we ready? So what we do at this stage is you press pause and you do not worry for a second.

You read them over, all these 14 over, you read them over once, and you do not worry for a second if you can't remember any of them, because we're going to be practising them soon, but just read them once.

Just familiarise yourself now.

Okay, hands completely free and ready for some quizzing.

Curo, what's it mean? Well done, it's I care for, lovely.

Iubeo means I order or I obey, iubeo is I order, lovely.

Ut means what two things on here? Good, introduces similes.

As and like.

Aliae, we learned alius, what's aliae mean? Lovely, it's the feminine plural, so it means the others.

Tamen? This is a classic.

Tamen is however, tandem is finally.

What's the difference between taceo and traho? Traho is I pull, or I drag, and taceo shh, taceo shh, is I am quiet.

Voco and volo, what's the difference? Answers in, to add, now, voco is to do with the voice, don't think for a second that that means I shout, because that's clamo, voco is I call, volo, we know, is I want.

Olim, deindre and statim, what's the difference? Answers in three, two, and there we go.

Now we're going to look at pronouns quickly, but Mr. Ferber, these weren't, these weren't on the 14.

Yeah, it doesn't mean I'm not going to bring them up.

What's the difference between illa and eum? Eam, sorry, eam.

Okay, answers in, illa, she or it, eam is accusative, it's not him, feminine of him, so her.

What is the difference between illa and ille? And be quicker on this one, two, one, you've got she and he, both can mean it.

Now, ha ha ha ha, that's why I brought this in.

What does se mean? Eam versus se? Okay, well done.

Se is anything to do with the self.

It can mean two things, himself or herself in this case.

I believe it can also mean two more things, which are itself and themselves.

Eam, feminine accusative, her singular, her or it.

Se vocat versus eum vocat.

We should be pretty quick on this actually just three- Anything to do with the self is going to be your se one, he calls himself.

Eum vocat, which would just be he calls him, i.

e.

, someone else, as in a second person.

Se curat versus eam curat.

Se means what, there's your clue, off you go.

Answers in two, one and good, now we know eam means her, So this is she cares for her, or it could be he cares for her, we don't know.

And these are our two self ones with the, se there, they're reflexive.

Note how curat, we don't know whether that's he or she or it so it can either be he cares for himself or she cares for herself.

Now, tenses time, vocavit, is that going to be imperfect, perfect or pluperfect? In three, you know it, and V U X S E -ed, so that will be he or she, what's voco, he or she- called, thank you.

Curaverat, is our learning still there? In three, two, and era had something, he or she had, or in this case.

She had cared for.

Iussit, we looked at it just now, is was, is, as V U X S E, -ed, is she or he ordered.

Volebat is when I say bar, you say- what? It's also -ed, you'll remember from our volo work, irregular verbs, that there's a few verbs where you're allowed with special dispensation to translate imperfect as perfect.

Ammo is another one.

Habeo is just about another one.

Um so here, one time deal, volebat can either mean he was wanting, which is a bit clunky, or he wanted, which is a bit more fluent in English.

Sensit Is going to be which tense? V U S X E, -ed, -ed, -ed, -ed, -ed.

He or she felt, let's say.

Acceperat will be what? Good.

Era had, era had, he or she had accepted or received.

Traxit.

V U X S X S E, -ed, -ed, -ed, -ed, -ed, will be he dragged.

Visne, now we know volo, do we remember visne? Who's doing it.

Visne is a question, it's do you want, if we didn't know it, one more time, visne is tell me, good.

Now, taceo is I am quiet, what's tace mean, tace? Good.

It means be quiet, in the imperative form, be quiet.

Visne one more time, good, do you want.

Right, what's the difference between those four, off you go.

Answers in- well, I'll give you a bit longer, answers in two, press pause if you need to, one and there you go.

How do we do? Good, ut.

Similes, as or like.

Okay, this bit is my favourite.

We've got voco, sentio, iubeo, curo, traho and taceo.

I'm going to mime at you a verb.

And I want you to tell me in Latin, what I'm miming at you.

So the first thing might be, for example, would be, is going to be, voco isn't it, meaning not I shouted, but I, tell me I- call.

Another one would be, would be, tell me three, two, one, iubeo, I order.

What about this one? That's going to be what's in three, two- That'll be traho, I drag.

That'll be three, two, one Taceo, I am quiet.

What's that one? Voco, good.

Now what about- it's a bit of an odd one to mine will be, it will be three, two, one.

Sentio isn't it, I feel.

I'm going to do two in a row.

Let's have a look.

I'm going to do, um, let's do followed by this one.

It's not going to be sentio.

What about this one? Yeah, okay, that's going to be in two, well first one was, was traho down here, and then the other one was, look I was looking after someone, all right, which is going to be curo, which is, sorry which is I look, I care for, I care for.

Okay, um, last of all, let's have a look.

Let's do a quick fire round.

One, two, three and is- two, one, taceo.

And- is two, one, iubeo, and- is two, one, sentio, and- that one again, is two, one, uh- traho, one more time, is two one, taceo, and- is two, one, voco I call.

Okay you ready, off you go, have a look.

What do these words mean? Press pause, off you go.

All right, switching to a different colour pen.

How did we do, off you go.

Good, now a note here, if you wrote all four translations of se, that's extremely pleasing, I didn't have enough room for them all the one you'll be seeing is this one here, is the him version, but thank you for putting all four in, really well done.

Okay, excellent, hands completely free.

Let's see what, let's go over the context of what our story's all about.

So, if you did the first part of this story, that's delightful.

If you haven't ever done any of this stuff before, that's also great.

Let's just see where we're up to.

There's this guy called Ulysses, and the Greeks give him this name, which is Odysseus.

All right, but we're going to call him Ulysses in Latin.

Ulixes, so that's the Latin name, we transform that into an English version, which is Ulysses over there.

Now he is a Greek hero.

He's famous for his intelligence.

He goes over, he fights with the Greeks in the Trojan war, which lasts for 10 years, it ends when Ulysses comes up with, with Athena's help, or Minerva's help, the Trojan horse trick, clever, clever, right? And after that, the last 10 years, he then has to try and get back to his patri, or homeland which is called Ithaca, an island in Greece, but that takes him a further 10 years, because he has all of these adventures on the way home.

But, now, he does eventually get home.

That's great news, isn't it? No, it's not.

Because when he gets home, his trials are not over because in Ithaca in his 20 year absence, these people called the proci, the suitors, all right, have been eating him out of house and home.

They've been having a feast every day and depleting his resources and its wealth.

And they've also been trying to marry Penelopea in Latin, but Penelope in English, Ulysses' uxor, his wife.

And also they want to kill his son as well.

Who's called Telemecus, so boo proci, boo.

Okay, now, where we got up to in our last story was he arrives at Ithaca, Minerva or Athena then says, you're not, you can't look, we've got this suitor situation.

You can't just walk in there, saying I'm the King of Ithaca because they'll all kill you, you'll be outnumbered.

So you have to do what you're good at.

You'll have to be a master of disguise.

You have to pretend to be a beggar.

You have to be a beggar in your own palace, a stranger in your own kingdom, okay.

Now where we go up to last time was he then introduces himself to a swine herd, a shepherd for pigs, call Eumaeus, and with Eumaeus, who is loyal to Odysseus even though he says oh I love Odysseus, I can't wait for him to come back, he says, you know, Homer loves that irony, okay, he says that to this beggar who actually is Odysseus, okay.

They go to the palace on the way Ulysses is recognised , but not by a human, but by a dog, his old dog, Argos, who's lived to the grand old age of 20, and Argos is lying on a dung heap and then sort of wags, flops his tail around and just about recognises his old master before the sort of final instance of joy of recognition pushes him over the edge and then Argos, do you remember, Argos dies, doesn't he.

But then after that, Ulysses goes into the palace and he has a heated conversation, it's a very sort of aggressive and confrontational dialogue with one of the, the leading procus, who's called Antinous.

So he's in the palace, he's in disguise.

Okay.

Then, the suitors leave, this is what we pick up, but Ulysses in disguise, remains and there then occurs this very famous dialogue between Ulysses and his wife, Penelope, where Ulysses remains in disguise.

But does that thing he does where he gives a little sort of ironic little, half statements that are sort of just a bit true, in fact are 90% true, 10% lie, about, you know, his identity.

Okay? And this, we can see that scene here in a wall painting from Pompeii.

Okay, now, there's a few more characters to bear in mind.

One of them is this one here.

Euricleia, Euricleia, Euricleia.

Now Euricleia is an ancilla, is a female slave, sometimes translated as maid in this context, and she is also senex, she is also old.

She's a generation older than Ulysses.

And in fact, she raised Ulysses, she's known him here, his entire life.

All right, and she ends up being, now Penelope asks Euricleia to wash this sort of, this stranger, this beggar's feet.

And it's in this context and this scene that you can see here that Ulysses is nearly recognised for a second time.

You may know about it already.

We're going to be reading about it in a sec.

There's one more group of characters we need to talk about.

And that's the ancillae, these are these other female slaves sometimes translated as the maids.

Now, Euricleia is like Eumaeus the swine herd, she is loyal to Ulysses and she wants the old King of Ithaca to come back.

The ancillae, however, have betrayed uh, Ulysses, they have betrayed the household, and they are on the side of the proci.

This is how Homer represented them, they are on the side of the suitors.

They've done things like, they've, Penelope has this great trick where she, to delay the suitors marrying her.

She says, I'm going to weave a shroud, a sort of big blanket, and when I finished that, then I'll marry one of you.

But what she does, is she weaves during the day.

And then at nighttime, she unpicks it.

And undoes her weaving.

And that way it will never be finished.

But these ancillae, these, these maids, these female slaves, one of whom, the lead one is called Melantho, and we're told by Homer that Penelope raised her, has actually raised her like a daughter since she was born.

But anyway, these maids, they tell the suitors, they say look Penelope, she's playing you for a fool, she's undoing that tapestry, she's undoing that blanket, she'll never finish it.

They also, Melantho scolds Ulysses in beggar form, as did Antinous, okay, when he hangs about after the suitors have gone, Melantho says, like Antinous, says you get out of here.

Like, what are you doing here? You're not welcome.

And then last of all, and also, I mean, see if you can forgive them for this, they don't look after Argos the dog! We're told before Argos dies that the, the maids, the female slaves, they didn't care.

They were like, well, who cares about that old dog? Chuck him on the dung heap, all right.

So, now, proci, boo, female slaves, at this stage, boo too.

But we'll see what happens in the next chapter, but for now, bear in mind, the key thing in terms of the plot is that Ulysses sees these maids and, in the same way as he looks at these suitors, he marks them out for death, he does the same thing for these ancillae.

But not for this loyal female slave, loyal maid, who's Euricleia, who we're going to see this foot washing thing here.

So, let's have a look.

What is the relationship between Ulysses and Penelope? They are what, they are- correct, husband and wife or king and queen.

Euricleia, goodie or baddie, goodie or baddie, Euricleia is- yeah, thumbs up.

Now, young or old, is Euricleia young? She's going to be- Good, she's old.

The ancillae, the female slaves, are they young or old? They are young.

Proci, goodie or baddie, proci are the- suitors and they're bad.

What's the relationship between Ulysses and Euricleia? Good, Euricleia raised, or has raised Ulysses.

What's the relationship between Penelope and the ancillae? And the maids? Good, Penelope, you remember, had raised, like daughters Melantho, supposed to be like a daughter, had raised some of them.

What's the relationship between Ulysses and the suitors? Good, the suitors are the enemy, and he marks them out for death, doesn't he? He's going to get his revenge.

Right, translation practise time, in a second you're going to be translating this paragraph here.

Before we do that, we're going to look at some of these instances of look, illa, eam, eum, ille, of the third person pronoun.

So, the main point of focus here is seeing third, sorry, is seeing masculine and feminine singular pronouns, third person pronouns, and telling the difference between whether you're going to use he or she, or it, based on the noun that that pronoun is referring to.

I'm going to show you one example first to explain precisely what I mean.

So here we have the sentence eum amo, eum amo.

Now, if we don't have the equus here, eum amo could mean either I love him or I love it.

We don't know which one, but here look, I'm giving you what the eum's referring to.

And it's referring to an equus, it's referring to a horse.

Okay, so this is where we do step two, we go down and we check our pronoun based on the noun it's referring to and, given it's referring to a horse, we're probably more likely to go for I love it.

Here is a horse.

I love it.

I suppose, if you know a lot about the horse, you might say I love him.

If you know it's a female horse.

Sorry a male horse, as opposed to an equa, as opposed to a female horse, all right? But for now just a generic horse, we're not feeling that emotional about.

We're just going to say, I, even though you feeling emotional about them because you love it, fine.

But look, you get the idea.

It's not human.

So therefore we're going to go I love it.

All right.

As opposed to I love him.

Okay.

Let's have a look at some more examples.

Cena, if something's about a dinner, how are we going to translate eam? Good, don't overthink it.

You might see eam and you're just going to think well I don't care what happened before here, I'm just going to say Ulysses had accepted, eam means her, Ulysses had received her.

No, no, no, no, no.

It's about a dinner, isn't it? So it's Ulysses had received it, eam can mean her or it.

What about this one though? If it's about a female slave, what's eam mean there? Good, so here now, do we see, look- eam here means her because it's referring to a female salve, a person, whereas eam here means it.

'Cause it was referring to a thing, which in the Latin is in the feminine, right? But eam can mean her or it, here it means it, and here it means her.

Ulysses, if you've got a sentence about Ulysses, what does eum vidit mean? Good, right.

Eum means him or it, right? We don't know who's doing the seeing, but let's go for she.

This would be she saw him.

It's not going to be she saw it, because it's about Ulysses who's a person, and it's not going to be he saw her, because that would be eam, right, and we've got eum, which means him.

What about, if you've got a sentence about Ulysses and Euricleia, and you've got ille eam, ille eam roganovit? Good, masculine, feminine.

He asked her.

If you've got a sentence about a pes, about a foot, and it says ille cecidit? In two, one- it fell, ille can mean he or it, here it's referring to a foot.

You wouldn't say, you know, this is my foot, he fell.

It's going to be this is my foot, it fell.

Back to Ulysses and Euricleia, we've now got illa eum rogavit, which one? Good, feminine, masculine.

She asked him.

Now, our second thing we're looking at is going to be these, the use of, I said it was coming up, the use of third person pronouns like ille in e form and se, this reflexive pronoun.

Okay, so first of all, what's the difference between se and eum? Is it still there? Good, so se can mean four things, and they're all to do with the self, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

Eum is just him or it, no self involved.

Cum eis and secum, what's the difference? Eis.

Okay, we start with the se's, and we know that these are going to be our self ones, all right, with himself, with themselves.

Eis is plural, so it's not with him, which would become eio, but with them.

Ad se clamat means what? Se.

Good, se, self, se, self.

He shouts to himself.

He shouts to him.

All right, that would be ad eum, that would be if he was shouting to another person, if there were two male people in that scenario, eam, -am, ad se vocat.

Good, that's going to be the other self version.

Do we see how here you actually don't need to say self in English and it still makes sense? He calls her to him, i.

e.

himself, we actually don't need the self.

That's why se is so difficult, but you might want to add it in, in order to make, be really clear, okay.

What's it missing ad se, and ad eum, for the last time.

Good, se, self.

Se self ad, so to himself, ad eum, is just a to him or to it.

Right, translation time.

Okay, let's read this together, so, The fidelis, the loyal, faithful Penelope, vocavit, called her husband and asked herself, eum, asked her, asked eum, asked him.

And she says So she asked him, says hospes, guest, she's being respectful to him, quis es, who are you? And callidus, the clever Ulysses, replied domina, mistress, afui, I have been away.

Now do you remember, how does Ulysses refer to people when he talks, when he's in disguise and when he talks to people, he uses what the Greeks supposedly invented, and what they call eronea, irony.

All right look, mistress, I've been away from my patria, from my homeland, diu, for a long time.

Is he lying to his own wife? No, he's not, it's the truth, isn't it? I've been away from my homeland for a long time.

But then the lie starts.

Sum Creticus, I am from Crete.

This is an island in the, sort of beneath Greece in the middle of the Mediterranean.

I am a Cretan, I'm from Crete, and I'm called Aethon.

So he makes up a new name for himself.

Just like when he was in the cave, all right, when he called himself Namo, he called himself no one, called Aesop.

Olim, once upon a time, accepi.

I received Ulysses, apud me, at my house.

Okay, ubi, when Penelope audivit, heard the nomen, the names, when she heard the name Ulysses, right, not the name Aethon, the name Ulysses.

Illa, illa, he, her, illa, just like I've told you, she, good, she lacrima, she cried, pro, for, her husband, her husband qui, her husband who, vero, actually, in fact, was sedebat prope eam, in fact was sitting, prope, near, next to, her, sitting right beside her, right.

So we see illa, she, eam, her, all right.

Ulysses callidus, however, what did Ulysses though? This is the second time he's done this now.

He also feels sad about the situation, about how he's not seen his wife for this long time, but he lacrimas celavit, he hid, calo, he hid his tears.

Don't despair.

Now look, irony, irony, okay.

How much of this is true? Don't despair because I've heard a rem, I've heard a story, mox, soon, Ulysses is returning.

In fact, vera, actually, ille, him, her, ille, he is very close, he's very close by.

Why is that? Because he's sat right next to her, isn't he? Okay, right, okay, over to you.

Now, the scene shifts to Euricleia over here.

All right.

So, pressing pause here and getting on with the next part of this story off you go.

And, as always, if you want to do the final part independently as a challenge, then please do so now.

Right, let's have a look.

Different coloured pen, see how we did.

Then, deine, then Penelope called her female slave, called, tricky use of voco and nomine there, called Euricleia, so summoned, you might say, her female slave called Euricleia.

If you want to go for maid there, that's fine.

Slave girl doesn't really count, because she's very old, yeah.

She, illa, she, once, now attempt curaverat, pluperfect, once had cared for Ulysses.

Really well done if you got that tense.

The mistress ordered her to wash the feet of Ulysses, pedes, feet.

However, Euricleia felt, senset, she felt a scar, So as she's washing the feet she felt a scar on his foot and we learn that, now, now this was tricky, really well done if you got this, Ulysses had received, now eam refers to the cicatrix, refers to the scar, Ulysses had received it from a boar, once upon a time.

So once, once Ulysses had received it from a wild boar.

Really well done if you've got that tricky eam there.

Immediately, she, now really well done here, she recognised eum, she recognised him and she dropped his or the foot.

The female slave happy and sad wanted, good, to tell, to inform her mistress.

But Ulysses, now really well done if you got this, we did loads of work but Ulysses pulled, or dragged her to, literally to himself, but we can go, or towards himself, but we can just say Ulysses pulled her or dragged her towards him.

He asked her, well done.

Do you want, do you want to destroy me? Ut, like, as, the other female slaves, the other maids, tace, be quiet.

Otherwise I prepare, or I am preparing to kill you with them.

So he says, don't give me away.

And he's just, you know, he's aggressive towards her, isn't he, he treats her violently, or nearly, or I would say so.

He sort of holds her, Homer give the detail that he sort of holds her by the throat, and he says, look, keep your mouth shut or I will kill you with the rest of the female slaves when I get round to killing them.

Right, the next bit though.

Let's have a look at this.

He's always doing stuff to do with celo here, isn't he.

I always put this in, yeah, you'd get this actually in proper Latin poetry after someone's heard a speech.

He had, he had spoken.

Now Ulysses iterum, again, sat down with Penelope, but before that he cico, he hid his scar.

So Penelope didn't see it, all right.

And Penelope says Mm, okay, now we go with, things gets quite psychological okay, Penelope tells- and no one really knows how to interpret this bit, no one quite knows what's going on.

It's a really interesting part of the Odyssey.

Penelope tells her own husband, who she doesn't recognise apparently, about a somnium, about a dream that she's had.

And she says, audi meum, listen to my dream.

Habeo, I, yeah, I have viginti anseres, I have 20 geese.

So she has these pet geese in the villa, in the house, in the household that she keeps.

Eas spectare amo, they love to watch, eas.

Good, I love to watch, I love to look at them sed, but in my dream I have a magna aquila, a great, a big eagle, came from the monte, from the mountain and necavit omnes eas, and killed all of them.

Lacrima bam, I was crying, when the eagle spoke, the eagle actually speaks, says fortis mane, says remain, stay fortis, stay strong, because, the anseres, the geese that she has, your geese are the proci.

This is an allegorical dream, right, where animals represent people, right.

But and then this is the form, look, this is the meaning, the Eagle explains the dream to her as it's happening, says the geese are the suitors and I, the eagle am tuus maritus, I'm your husband, qui, who has returned and is preparing to kill eos, is preparing to kill them, i.

e.

the suitors, right.

So she tells that, but then she says, well, seems a bit odd, doesn't it, because my husband's clearly not here.

And he says somnia, dreams, however are not always vera.

They're not always true.

So she gives this little hint, and as I said, no one knows how to interpret this dream, because it seems to be very odd and another interpretation of the dream, which I'll, look I'll tell you about now is, do we think that the, she's got these pet geese that she likes looking after, and so she likes, she likes the geese, but does she like the suitors? No.

Then the Eagle who's her husband comes in and kills all the geese.

Now, it doesn't make sense, does it? Because Penelope doesn't like the suitors, but she likes the geese.

Is there another group of people that Ulysses is going to kill, or he's planning on killing, which Penelope once did love.

And that group of people is? Correct, yes, is the maids, is, for example, Melantho, the lead maid that she had once cared for as a daughter.

So another interpretation of this dream is that the, the sort of the Ulysses character, the eagle in fact gets it wrong, and that the geese that are going to, the geese are fine by the way, the actual real geese are okay.

Yeah, but the dead geese in the dream, in fact, represent the female slaves, in fact represented the maids that are going to die.

All right.

And then even further reading, and this is a bit far out.

So if you don't like it don't worry, but even further reading, and one that I actually do very much, like, is it, this is Penelope's version of doing the ironic thing back at her husband.

Remember, she's just as clever as him.

She comes up with the, or she's at least, she's all clever too, she comes up with the weaving trick.

And then the same way that Ulysses was speaking ironically to her, I've been, I've been away from my homeland the whole time, but don't worry, Ulysses, he's come back and he's really nearby.

She instead says, well, actually, I've had this dream where this thing's going to happen.

What do you think that means? Maybe she is being ironic back to her husband.

And in fact, also giving this hint about an act of violence, which, you know, won't be, as we'll find out, won't be as neat and won't be as, sort of, you know, happily tied up as we think.

That's all I'm going to say in terms of the hint for what will happen in the last episode, the last chapter of Ulysses' return, for now.

All that's left is for you to correct the, no, it's for you to do the exit quiz, and also to say valete to me, or say vale to me because I'm just one person.

And I say valete to you.

So valete, extremely well done, and I can't wait to teach you the final part of the Ulysses story.

Valete, well done, goodbye.