Lesson video

We've done the dative, and now we're going to look at a translation lesson.

It's now time for us to look at the next step, the next part of the "Iliad".

In our first lesson on the "Iliad" we looked at how the anger of Achilles sparked off this chain of tragic events.

Now we will look at the end of that chain, essentially, or very nearly when Achilles the bravest, the angriest of the Greeks fights a duel, a battle to the death, against Hector, who is the bravest, the most loyal, the most important of the fighters for the Trojans, all right? It's Achilles versus Hector.

What's going to happen? Let's have a look.

Practise translation, Achilles and Hector.

Our learning objectives are, can I translate fluently a Latin passage containing the dative case and have I consolidated previous core vocabulary, as always? Press pause, again as always, in order to get the things that you need for today's lesson.

Thank you very much.

And well, thanks again to those students who came prepared, as always.

Right, hands-free, let's have a look at these words.

These are the 14, I know it's frequent or it's difficult words that will be coming up today and you must make sure you know as many of them, if not all of them, as many as possible, if not all of them for when you get to that translation.

Now we're going to take a closeup look at these one, two, three, four, five, six.

It's quite a few, but don't worry.

Look, most of these are pretty easy, okay? Let's have a look.

Now, first one is , it's a noun.

You've now we've seen it a few times on this course, let's just remind ourselves what it means.

Maybe for those who haven't seen it, as well, before.

Okay, right, so English words we get from it, derivations are corpse or incorporate.

A corpse is a body, and if you incorporate something, then you bring it into the body of something else, okay? So is a body, right.

A is a word which has no derivations, so we just look at it a lot, and is a spear.

So it'll be very important, we'll be reading about this is a duel between Hector and Achilles, spears are going to be involved, okay? So , spear, how are we going to remember this? Maybe a spears are very fast, so they make haste, something like that? Okay, we'll see it a lot, you'll be fine, you'll get it.

Okay, , a preposition that we have seen before, but let's look at it one more time for those maybe who've forgotten it, or have not seen it before.

If you intervene, if you interfere, if you interrupt, intervene, okay, that means you're getting among or between people.

If you interfere, "Break it up, break it up," okay? That means you're getting among or between, okay? Among or between.

Now, there's two dative verbs that we're going to see now, and they both start with app.

It doesn't mean you should confuse them.

The first one is plus dative.

Derivations are words like apparition, when in fact the translation is in fact a derivation of , and that's I appear, I appear.

Now note that this is dative, and it's one of those dative verbs where actually you still translate the dative as a dative, right? Because you appear to.

When I say "Dative," you say, "to or four".

Dative to or four, dative for.

You appear to people don't you? I appear to someone, all right? plus dative, that to the thing or person to whom you're appearing, is in the dative.

Now don't confuse that with.

It's a long word, let's pronounced it together.

And that's also plus the dative.

Now this one has no derivation as such, but you look at the translation and it means I approach.

So this is the I approach one.

I approach.

All right, now this is a dative verb in the sense that you approach someone in English, you don't approach to someone.

But in Latin, the person you approach, with , takes the dative.

So you don't translate that to when you see it in Latin.

We'll practise that later.

Right, for now, just make sure you know that it means approach, and don't confuse that with , which is I appear, yeah? Okay,.

Our derivations, we gets loads of English words like projectile and ejector.

For years I thought that javelin was a derivation, but apparently javelin's a Celtic word, how 'about that? So translation, a projectile's something that fires out something, an ejector seat throws you out.

Pew, look at that fun.

So I throw.

Now Mr. Fuber, why is it projectile and not projactile, or ejactor? Well, that's because it's actually linked to the perfect stem here, , all right? Which has this long E, and that's I threw.

He threw.

Don't confuse it, for goodness sake, with the , meaning I lie down, okay? As in, if you're adjacent to something, you're lying next to something.

Luckily, this is just for future reference, there's no in today's passage.

So if you see a something, you think projectile , I threw.

Right, press pause here, read those words one time over.

Familiarise yourself with them.

It doesn't matter if you don't know all of them, or even a few of them.

Off you go.

Okay, hands be free.

Means what? I fight, fantastic.

Means what? In three, two, it's I throw, great.

And is which of those two in two, one, a is a body, great.

In three, two, is a spear.

Now let's do a thing,.

Now is it is necessary.

What's the difference between and ? In three, two, and is it is necessary for me, all right? This is an irregular, not met this explicitly yet, this is an irregular dative personal pronoun.

And the plural of that is , which you have seen in the ablatives in or , it has to do with us.

And this is translated as it is necessary for us.

We're going to see this two times in our passage today, so just say means it is necessary for us, with me.

means? One more time, means? Thank you.

Do we remember what the difference between these two? In three, two, and there you go.

What about and , what's the difference? In three, two, one.

Does that a man approaches, or a man appears? In three, two, this is the one that looks like it.

Approaches would be wouldn't it? This is , it looks like appears.

A man appears, that one, yeah? Now, perfect tense translation.

this is a duplicate.

Well, let's just have a guess, have a guess.

Is this going to be translated as he was giving back, he gave back, or he had given back.

In three, two, this is perfect sense.

This is what's known as a duplicated perfect.

It's like or , you know that's coming up.

Okay, , therefore that's duplicated.

Is that going to mean he was resisting, he resisted, or he had resisted.

In three, two.

Duplicated irregular perfect.

He or she resisted He believed is which of these four? Three, two.

It's that duplicated regular perfect? They're all from a similar thing.

She appeared, appeared, which of these two, in two.

Now V-U-X-S-E, ed, ed, ed, ed, ed.

He's threw is which of those two, do remember? Good, going to be.

Now, if is he threw.

is he threw.

What's mean? Two, one, she took, great, okay.

What's the difference between and ? In three, two, good.

Now, this is your I form, I promise, and this is the imperative it's going to be first word in the sentence and it just means promise.

It's an order.

Right, now, look.

What was , so versus.

What's the difference? In two, one.

So , if was promise, then is going to be return, or give back.

is the infinitive, meaning to return or to give back.

Now I bring me in.

Okay, first of all, I'd like you to, now be sensible, I'd like you to find an object with which you can use to mime for a in three, two, one, let's find one.

You could use, for example, a pencil.

It can be like that,.

Whew, whew! Okay, 'cause is a spear.

Now what action of these four, what verb fits with the action I just did? It'll be three, two, one.

It's going to be, yes, good.

That will be , I throw a spear.

Okay, we're going to do the spinning round, ready? Okay, how about ? Will mean what? You're going to mime it to me in three, two.

It'll be I, got a spear here, it'll be I take a spear.

Do I close my eyes? It's going to be, again.

Spin again it would be.

Now this, wow, is a dative verb.

It's not going to be , it'll be.

Mime to me in two, one.

It will be I, you've got a spear coming towards you, and you're going to go, "No," bing! It will be I resist a spear.

And then let's do , so you've got and then do.

Do those two in a row.

It's going to be three, so followed by.

over to in three, two, one.

It would be I, first one's, I take a spear and then I return, right? Give back a spear.

Okay, now what's going to happen I am going to a spear , and then you are going to.

You're going to.

Okay, ready, so you're ready? This is.

Shoom, no! Okay, and then now you need to resist it.

Ah, ping! Okay, that'll be.

You resist the spear.

Did you enjoy that? I tried to sort of send a spear through the camera.

I don't know what I'm on about I'm afraid.

Right, so we should know those words by now.

What about, do you remember that thing that happens? Do you remember.

What was that? That was I, not I throw, I, yeah, good, I threw the spear.

Just keep you there on the perfect tenses.

What do these 14 words mean? Pressing pause after I finished speaking, one through 14 down the margin, get translating.

Okay, now make sure you got a pen, and mark those answers.

Well done, excellent.

Right now, hands need to be free because it's time for me to tell you about the next stage of what's going on in that Trojan war.

Okay, so when we started off where the first story ended was at the point where Achilles had been insulted by Agamemnon and had started sulking, essentially, by his shifts.

And that his mother, Thetis said, "I know, don't," he complained to his mother, and Thetis' mother who is a goddess said, "I've got a plan, "don't fight for the Greeks anymore," and then she went over to see Jupiter, otherwise known as Zeus.

And she said to him, "Can you make it so that "The Trojan starts to," sorry, "The Trojans start to win, "and the Greeks start to lose, because my son, the Achilles, the , the bravest of the Greeks isn't fighting any more.

And he says, "Yeah, that's okay, but I don't think "My wife's going to like it," okay, right.

And that in fact is what happened, so we skip ahead now towards the end of the epic part where what happens is, as I said, Achilles doesn't fight anymore, and lo and behold, the Greek start to lose and the Trojan start to win.

And they are supported, their best fighter, is the.

Not the king, but the , the leader of the Trojans is Hector, who's a prince, he's the son of the king of Troy, who is called Priam.

Hector fights very bravely, and he defeats a lot of Greeks, and he nearly burns their ships down.

As this happens, this guys called, now I'm giving the game away a bit here with the adjective I've given you there.

This guys called, now you've got a choice when you pronounce his name.

It's either going to be Patroclus, which is my preferred, or Patroclus, you might be in the Patroclus camp.

It's completely up to you.

So Patroclus goes to, as Hector starts to defeat the Greeks, Patroclus goes to Achilles and he says, "Look, Achilles," and now Patroclus is Achilles, the best friend of Achilles, all right? He says, "Look Achilles, I know you said you're not "going to fight for the Greeks, but I've got a plan.

"How about you let me wear your armour, "and then everyone'll think that I'm you "and then they'll all start fighting better "and then that way you can repel the Trojans "and we'll be fine." And Achilles says, "Okay, I'm willing to consider that.

"That sounds fine, here's the armour, off you go." Make sure Hector doesn't kill you.

Oh no! And then what happens is, Patroclus, he goes out fighting, he's doing really well, but then he encounters Hector in, essentially, a duel that mirrors this one, all right? And Hector kills Patroclus, he is.

Now at this point, if you thought Achilles was angry before, ha, just you wait.

The anger of Achilles is the theme of the poem.

His anger goes off the scale.

He becomes incredibly enraged.

And so he says, "Right, I'm fighting again now, that's it." I'm going to get back on the battlefield.

The sulking is over, and it's got nothing to do with Agamemnon giving any gifts back.

He's doing it purely to get revenge for the death Patroclus, okay? And he wants to fight Hector.

He goes back with some new armour that his mother has made for him by Vulcan, and he starts defeating the Trojans heavily.

They almost run back into the city and only one person remains to face Achilles and that is Hector.

That's where we're at with the story, okay? Now where are the gods in all this? As always, well, Jupiter, he's trying desperately to sit on the fence.

He secretly likes Hector.

In fact, his own son who is a Trojan, he's called Sarpedon, has had to die during that part of the battle when Patroclus is killed, or Patroclus, doin' either choice.

But look, he's sat in the middle, okay? You've got Minerva who is Achilles.

Minerva is an ally of Achilles.

She wants to help him out.

She was the one who, remember he was about to kill Priam at the beginning, and she held his hair back, "Don't do it." And Apollo who sent the plague at the beginning against the Greeks, he is the ally of Hector.

So you've also got these two being helped out by their own respective gods, okay? And Jupiter sat in the middle, trying to see how he can manage all the fact that the gods have their different affinities and different allegiances.

Right, what is the relationship between Achilles and Hector? Best friends, are they? No, they hate each other, okay? What's the relationship between Minerva and Achilles, otherwise known as a Athena, or Athene, and Achilles? Good, Minerva's support, she helps Achilles.

Which god helps Hector, is it Jupiter or Apollo? It's going to be, good, Apollo.

What's the relationship between achilles and Patroclus or Patroclus, based on your preference? Good, they're best friends.

What the relationship between Patroclus, or Patroclus, and Hector, what happened between these two? Good, they had a duel.

They fought each other when Patroclus was wearing Achilles armour, pretending to be Achilles, and Hector killed Patroclus.

Where does Jupiter stand in all this? Is Jupiter pro-Hector, is Jupiter pro-Achilles.

What'd we think? Good, Jupiter wants to be, he supposedly sits in the middle, but actually he's kind of pro-Trojan, but I suppose he's sitting on the fence.

He's meant to be an arbiter, he's just going to stand back and watch.

Right, let's have a look at that first paragraph.

No, we're not.

We're going to look at the bit that you're going to do.

This is the paragraph that you'll be doing independently.

You know how this bit works, any minute now, and before you get translating on your own, we're going to have a little look at these sentences or sentences that look like these ones here, which are to do with not, they don't have accusatives in them, yeah, you just the dative verbs.

So you're just going to see a verb and then a dative with no accusative.

Let's have a look at an example.

So here we have the sentence , mistranslate, there's one mistake here.

It has the goddess persuaded to the man.

Just five seconds tell me what's wrong with that translation, go.

Five, and so we see that this person's and they've gone to or for, and they've put the to in, whereas actually take a look at our sentence and this is a dative verb , okay? We don't need it to formally translate the goddess persuaded the man, and that's okay.

So actually this, normally dative's the ones in the brackets.

For dative verbs that accusative either, yeah, actually, there's not brackets involved.

It's not needed, there's no accusative.

You can use with an accusative, it's the dative.

Don't two or four in, even though in most, if not every other instance is going to mean to or for the man.

Okay, next up.

And this next mistake is, oh dear, it happens all the time.

It's nearly as much of a classic as the "Iliad" itself.

mistranslated as, and Achilles approached.

What's wrong with that, in three, two, one.

Two, one, through five, whoop, let's start again in.

One, and stop.

Now, the problem lies with Achilles, okay? Now, if Achilles were doing the approaching, his name wouldn't be changed because he would be nominative.

So we would have and the Achilles approached is.

We've got.

Now, would you care to have a little think and tell me what case.

Now it's something to do with what case happens after ? We learnt that at the beginning of the lesson.

Have a think what case do we think is? In three, two, one, the dative.

Lovely, good, 'cause is a dative verb.

Now, let's translate it as its dative.

Okay, it just goes like.

It's like dative.

So dative, we're going to go for it.

When I say "Dative," you say, "Dative to or for." So let's translate it as to Achilles and see what happens to Achilles there.

All right, so that's that done.

Now, well, hold on, if Achilles isn't doing approaching, who is? Well, that's why we just, look, that's why this verb bit's here, person, it's tense first.

That's translated.

U-X-S-E, ed, ed, ed, ed, ed, ed, ed, that's fine.

And we look at our person, read it right through.

Who's doing it? E is the it, it's going to be I, you tell me.

He, he or she, let's go for he I this case.

So we know , our verb.

This is datives, do some labelling quickly.

This is verb plus nominative 'cause our nominative is, it's a nom, is he.

He approached.

Okay, and now we put it together don't we? Look, nom verb, there's no accusative 'cause a dative verb.

Dative is doing the job of the accusative, but let's make it make sense.

What actually happens in translation? We've got that bit, that bit, that bit.

We've got this bit, this bit, this bit.

He approached to Achilles.

I suppose that does make sense, but actually what word do we not need, given that this is a dative verb and you translate the dative as if it's accusative, tell me what we don't need.

It's going to be, thank you, the to, it's gone.

And we get he, and he approached Achilles.

Now in this translation just meant Achilles, but for every other one, you're going to see a whole bunch of them, is going to mean what? To Achilles.

Mean what? To Achilles, right.

The next thing we're looking at that's tricky are going to be sentences, which have datives in and also have accusatives in.

Whew, okay, let's have a little look.

Now this first one, I'm going to have a little go.

I'm going to do it all by myself.

We do word beginnings.

What's that from? That's from , means to do with return.

Let's go for give back.

Okay, is versus.

It's going to be this.

Oh, thank goodness you tested on Achilles.

I can actually, I know that means to Achilles.

Let's just stay calm for now.

Let's just put Achilles in.

Now the student like that previous one, who just does step one and then just makes it make sense without thinking about endings, might go, "Give back this Achilles." they might put a comma there, an exclamation mark.

No, okay fine.

Let's have a look, so that's now an endings we were cuttin' out.

Is going to be, now, I can't remember.

So we're going to make it make sense.

It's a tricky pronoun.

We go to, and, oh, I do remember 'cause we've just done loads of work on it and that is a dative isn't it? Dative.

Now, do I just move on now? Once I know something's a dative what do I do, I add in? Thank you, a to down here.

Now if that's dative, is this going to be doing the returning? No, it's going to be receiving.

I think I'm going to guess that this is accusative, it is in fact accusative, okay,.

You'll remember this from the demonstrative, demonstrative pronouns, is the neuter.

Now it's in accusative, here it's accusative, means this.

We did a bit on in the quiz.

is your verb.

In fact, this is an imperative, which means it doesn't actually have a nominative.

Yeah, so if you're giving orders, sit down.

It's going to be you sit down.

Stand up, it's not going to be we stand up.

There's no nominative there.

So, look, and now it all makes sense, it all fits into place doesn't it? Done, done.

We've got.

Give back this to Achilles.

Give this back we might say to Achilles, yeah? Okay, give this back to, not good and hand writing, Achilles, full stop, got it.

Okay, so that's me doing that one there.

was dative singular.

Bear that in mind that I ending there on the third declension.

What have we got here? What's wrong with in three.

Five! Two, one, okay, good.

Now, can we see what this person's done here? We go straight to cases, okay? This person is gone, right? Return body father.

I'm just going to smush.

I mean, when we've got cases, you just add little words in and make them make sense.

Return verb , that's neuter accusative, yeah, yeah, got it.

of, I can't remember if it's to or for of whatever.

Just make it make sense.

Return the body of the father.

No, with me, no.

Okay, because , meant to Achilles, will mean to the father, thank you.

So this is going to be to, this is a dative.

Again, use the story to make this make sense.

If the father's still alive, yeah? It's not going to be return the body of the father 'cause the father's not dead, okay? So return the body to the father, right? Two things to the account.

One is knowing that that 100% is dative singular, so it means to the father or for the father.

And the other thing is there's a backup, there's a safety net, you can use the story, the context of the story to help you out.

Don't always use the story though because there is this classic, so stories are surprising, they're different.

Do you know what's going to happen, okay? Don't try and guess based on stories.

That's how you get on to this mistake in the first place.

Right.

What's next? Good, we just did that.

It means we turn the body to the father, thank you.

Now bear that in mind though because means to Achilles.

One more time, is to Achilles.

And now it's time for you to put all that info together to translate what means.

Pressing pause to translate that four word sentence in three, two, pen or pencil at the ready, and off you go.

Okay, fantastic.

Let's see how we did.

Different kinds of pen at the ready.

So we've got, nominative verb, accusative dative.

The goddess returned the spear to Achilles.

Excellent, the main thing I'm focused on here, now I want everyone to get everything right, but the main thing I'm focused on is the fact that you've got this as a dative, yeah? To Achilles.

If you also remembered that is perfect tense duplicated perfect.

Returned, that's also delightful.

Really well done, okay.

Right, we're ready to now we're not.

There's one more little thing to have a look at it has to do with third person pronouns.

Is feminine, is it not? But if it's linked up to a spear, then you translate it as what? What's gone wrong here? What's gone wrong? Five seconds with that translation Two, one, and okay.

Just bear this in mind when to get to this point in the translation that with sentences that look like this one, okay? refers back to the spear, refers back to here, this third person.

Now, a spear is feminine in the same way that is feminine, and in the way that is masculine, right? This are things which have a gender in Latin, okay? But you translate them, can me her or can can also mean Achilles threw the spear.

The goddess returns it, thank you.

So don't just look at , and think I know what that means, that means her, you have to make it make sense based on what it's referring to in the context of the passage.

Right now we're ready to have a look.

So let's have a look at this first paragraph, which we're going to read together.

Achilles.

Hector.

Achilles.

Now, so you'll remember the situation was that all the Trojans, Achilles, he had new armour on, and he was the height of his rage because of the death of Patroclus and he was defeating the Greeks, the Trojans now, okay? So the Greeks were actually doing well and all of the Trojans run back into Troy.

Hector alone stays outside the walls to face Achilles.

Now Achilles Hector.

Now he approached to Hector.

Now Achilles approached Hector, thank you.

Hector saw him, how did he feel? Did he scare Achilles? He saw him, he then went , he was scared.

And what will he do? He , he fled around, so he starts running around the walls,.

Unlucky, I think I've taken that, I think, from , from the Latin, the Roman translator of the "Iliad".

Now what did the Achilles do? Does he let him run? He , he chased him, he ran after him.

Minerva , Apollo.

Apollo.

Oo, right, so we've got a situation where Hector's running around the wall in fear.

He realises he's made a bad decision.

He starts to run away.

Achilles chases after him.

The gods are involved.

Minerva.

Means what? Good, to Achilles.

Minerva was giving help to Achilles.

Apollo was giving help, , to Hector, so they each had a god on their side.

And then who's in the middle? The last, finally, Jupiter, the father of men and of gods.

This is a genative, for those who've actually done the genative lesson.

If you've come here just to do datives, that's fine.

The father of men and gods, he held out, there's this is thing that Jupiter has to decide people's fate, and they are the , the golden scales.

It's a set of measuring scales they hold out.

And one side is going to be Achilles, and the other side will be Hector.

And who's won, which pan, which weight falls down there is It's Hector's one.

It means that Hector is destined to die.

That day was the last , the last for Hector, lovely.

And Apollo, who so far had supported him, left him behind.

Hector's on his own, now, he's abandoned, okay? What's going to happen when he actually finally meets, is he going to keep running? Is he going to stand and meet the Achilles? Let's have a look, it's over to you now, okay? Time to get translating, pressing pause here.

What happens? Okay, now really well done on that.

And if you want to have a look at the last paragraph and do it as a challenge independently, to see what comes at the end of the story and off you go.

Okay, different colour pen at the ready.

What happens? Let's have a look.

I'm going to bring me in.

Minerva, otherwise known as Athena, appeared to, dative appeared to Hector.

In disguise as his, I.

E.

Hector's, brother.

The goddess persuaded the man.

Brother it's necessary for us to resist Achilles.

Hector believed the goddess, so he thinks, believed the goddess and approached Achilles.

Did we get that? Yes.

Not, and Achilles approached.

Yeah, where is it? And approached Achilles, yeah? Got it.

Hector spoke first to Achilles.

It's necessary for us to fight.

But first promise this to me.

If you defeat me, return my body to my father.

Did we get this? Return my body to my father.

Achilles replied to Hector.

Now, so look, it's one of the most famous line in the "Iliad".

Achilles, he's in a rage, which is almost subhuman, okay? Hector's really scared that Achilles is going to mistreat his body after he kills him.

He thinks that he knows he's going to die, all right? And so he says, please treat my body properly after you maybe I'll kill you, who knows, okay? We don't know yet.

But if you kill me then return my body to my father, okay? Let's make a pact, let's make a deal, all right? And Achilles looks at him, and he says, "There are no treaties between lions and men." He says, , right? The implication being you're the man and I am the lion.

All right? So we are different species, do you understand? We do not commune, we do not make treaties, right? Achilles threw his spear at Hector.

Aw, hector's dead, but he avoided it.

Yes, come on, right.

Minerva, however, took the spear, Achilles' one, and returned it to Achilles.

Then Hector threw his spear.

What's going to happen? So maybe Hector has a chance now.

Maybe he's actually going to defeat Achilles.

So read, Achilles.

Boing Hector.

Achilles.

Right, Achilles however, resisted.

So Hector's just thrown his spear, pow.

We think maybe Hector's got a chance, but instead Achilles however resisted the spear of Hector with his shield.

So he deflects it, okay? And now, Hector now he thinks, "Well, that's okay "'cause I've got my brother to remember "who said he would help me out." Hector , he was looking for a second spear quickly.

Brother of mine, give me another spear from his brother, but who's there? Minerva, who is pretending to be Hector's brother disappears, and Hector realises that his time's up, but he still fights,.

However, he shoom, he draws, he takes his sword, but when he was attacking, now Achilles has a spear, okay? And Hector, only because his spear that he threw returns to him by Minerva, right? But Hector only has his sword, so now it's just one of them has got the better weapon, right? So when he, I.

E.

Hector attacked Achilles drove his spear at him, at Hector into his throat, so he stabbed him through the throat, right? So that's it.

Before death.

Hector.

He says,.

He says, "Don't give my body," "Don't give my body to the dogs for to be eaten by dogs." "Accept a gift from my father," in order to trade so that his body can be buried properly.

And the , the spirit of Hector went to the house of , the house of Hades, into the underworld.

But Achilles.

What does Achilles now do? Hm, so this is what Achilles does, this thing, this completely outrageous and utterly savage act that, as I said, he's now become almost subhuman.

He's a level of sort of bestial, he almost becomes like an animal, all right? Very savage Achilles tied the body, Hector's body, to his chariot, his , and he dragged it by the feet.

By the feet to the ships, back to the ships of the Greeks.

All right, so he's not giving it back.

It said he's maltreating the body, okay? What on Earth's going to happen? Is Achilles redeemable? This is an act that's completely unparalleled, it's utterly savage in the ancient world.

The gods are not happy with what's going on, okay? Neither really are the Greeks, and of course, people who are most grieved by it are all the Trojans who now realise that essentially their time's up.

Hector was the one person who could have saved the city, and he has now been killed by Achilles.

Once you've marked and corrected your answers, complete the exit quiz.

There's a question there for you to consider in terms of what's just happened, all right? Before that, however, it's time for us to say goodbye, and I look forward to not only teaching you about the ablative, but also for to us finishing reading the final part of the "Iliad".

What's going to happen? We'll find out, I'll see you there.

Very well done.