Lesson video

- Hello everybody.

How are you? Girls and boys, I hope you had an amazing weekend, an amazing week, and that you had time to explore a little bit of sonata with Mozart, Beethoven, whoever you have found.

If you didn't have time, don't worry.

I'm here to help you and to do it together.

But first, let's start with an easy and fun song.

But for that, I will need a big thumb.

♪ When I was one I sucked my thumb and then I went to sea ♪ ♪ I climbed aboard a pirate ship and the captain said to me ♪ ♪ We're going this way, that way, forwards and backwards ♪ ♪ Over the Irish Sea ♪ ♪ A Chelsea bun to fill my tum, a pirate's life for me ♪ ♪ When I was two I tied my shoe and then I went to sea ♪ ♪ I climbed aboard a pirate ship and the captain said to me ♪ ♪ We're going this way, that way, forwards and backwards ♪ ♪ Over the Irish Sea ♪ ♪ A Chelsea bun to fill my tum, a pirate's life for me ♪ ♪ When I was three I hurt my knee and then I went to sea ♪ ♪ I climbed aboard a pirate ship and the captain said to me ♪ ♪ We're going this way, that way, forwards and backwards ♪ ♪ Over the Irish Sea ♪ ♪ A Chelsea bun to fill my tum, a pirate's life for me ♪ Boys and girls, this is an amazing and fun song.

It could go forever.

It could go on forever.

So far, we've reached three.

At home, try to reach four, five, six, seven, and come up with matching and rhyming words for your age.

For example, when I was four I knocked at the door.

That rhymes.

Today, we're going to need the same as we always need, because the best learning way is to always jot down, always write down things.

Get yourself hold of some paper and a pencil and let's get cracking.

What did we learn last lesson? Last lesson, it was a slightly more complex lesson because we learned about sonata.

What's sonata? Sonata is the opposite of cantata.

Do you remember why? Because it's meant to be played and not sung.

Sonata for sonare.

Cantata per cantare.

Sonata form.

What is it? It is the evolution of the binary and the ternary form because it has three sections, which are meant to organise big ideas.

Those ideas are not called big A.

The big A, B, and C have transformed to exposition, development, and recapitulation or re-exposition.

Let's keep learning.

Always keep learning.

Today we will deepen into the sonata form.

We will take a look again to Mozart's Piano Sonata Number 16.

From there, we will introduce a new term, rondo form and rondo structure.

Let's have a game.

If sonata come from Latin or Italian, where do you think rondo comes from? We will see.

And at the end, as always, one or two examples about rondo.

Let's take a look again to the sonata form.

We have exposition, development, and recapitulation or re-exposition.

Exposition is the main idea.

Development explores the idea of the exposition.

And the recapitulation brings us back home to the exposition.

As you can see, and as we spoke on the last lesson, exposition repeats, and development and recapitulation, they do repeat themselves as well, but they go together as you can see, they're not separate.

They are a whole unit.

As we spoke, exposition is the old A that we learned in binary and ternary form.

Then development is the old B because it's a contrasting section of the A, and then we have the recapitulation, which is A with an apostrophe.

Why does it have that? Because it's not the same notes, it's not the same harmony.

It's the same idea with some changes.

As the compound ternary form, the exposition comes with subsections.

Can you see the a and b within A, it's not in caps lock, it's not in capital letters, they're small letters.

We call it a small a and small b, which is the first theme and the second theme.

The same happens on the recapitulation, but curiously, why does the development not have small letters like in the compound where we saw CDC? Because the development, it's just the exposition but further developed.

It's the same idea as the exposition, just exploring and expanding it in all the tonalities and melodies and harmony.

Let's analyse Mozart's Piano Sonata Number 16.

We will start with A which is also exposition.

Our a.

Small a.

New material within the exposition, b.

The exposition repeats.

So the small a and the small b will repeat themselves again.

b.

We enter B, or development, and this time we do not have small letters.

Back to A, but it's not exactly the same melody.

It's the same melody, but different notes.

And now we're going to go to small b.

This recording decided not to repeat the development and the recapitulation, because it was a choice of the performer, but normally it would.

Did you hear the difference between the exposition and the recapitulation? It's the same melody but using different notes.

Let's keep going forward.

Rondo form.

What is it? Rondo, like sonata, it's strictly written for instruments, not to be sung.

It's a musical form developed in the 17th century and it refers to fast music.

Its vocal equivalent is rondeau, only to be sung and not played.

So can you guess where it comes from? Yes.

It come from France.

So rondo is to be played.

Rondeau, which is almost spelled the same and pronounced the same, it's only for singing.

Let's take a look at the rondo structure.

Now we're going back to an old known, which are the ABC letters.

We don't have exposition, development and re-exposition or recapitulation in the rondo.

We have letters, which are also the sections.

The main music idea, which is A, alternates with one or more contrasting ideas.

Can you take a look at my picture and see that we have a letter C? The patterns, they're very wide.

Could be ABA, ABACA, ABACABA, ABACADA, and even more.

So the possibilities are endless in the rondo because they can variate from piece to piece of music.

But as all musical forms, there's one that's the most common and the most common form in the rondo, the most common pattern, would be ABACA.

Let's take a look to an example of rondo, ABACA, by the hand of our friend Ludwig van Beethoven with his piece "Für Elise." I am sure that at some point we all have heard this piece of music somewhere.

Did you manage to hear all the letters, all the sections, in this rondo, ABACA? There was something extra that we will learn very soon.

What can we do at home? I would love if you could take a look back to "Für Elise," for Alice, or Elise, by Beethoven.

Can you spot the different sections by yourself? Because in the next lesson, together we're going to check if you spotted them right.

So have a lovely day, have an amazing week, and take care.

Bye bye.