Lesson video

Good morning, everybody.

Mr. Sole here again, with a music lesson about structure.

So, before we got into it again, let's learn a new song.

For that, I will need your hand on your chest and copying my actions.

♪ Ready ♪ ♪ Donkeys are in love with carrots ♪ ♪ Carrots aren't in love at all ♪ ♪ Hee haw, hee haw ♪ ♪ Listen to that loving call.

♪ ♪ My turn ♪ ♪ Donkeys are in love with carrots ♪ ♪ Your turn ♪ ♪ Donkeys are in love with carrots ♪ ♪ My turn ♪ ♪ Carrots aren't in love at all ♪ ♪ Your turn ♪ ♪ Carrots aren't in love at all ♪ ♪ My turn ♪ ♪ Hee haw, hee haw ♪ ♪ Your turn.

♪ ♪ Hee haw, hee haw ♪ ♪ My turn ♪ ♪ Listen to that loving call ♪ ♪ Your turn.

♪ ♪ Listen to that loving call.

♪ ♪ Well done.

♪ ♪ Let's do it one last time together ♪ Hand on your chest.

♪ Ready ♪ ♪ Donkeys are in love with carrots ♪ ♪ Carrots aren't in love at all ♪ ♪ Hee haw, hee haw ♪ ♪ Listen to that loving call.

♪ ♪ Well done.

♪ Today, boys and girls for this lesson, we're going to need an exercise book or paper like we've done for the last two lessons and a pen or a pencil.

So, do you remember, what did we learn last lesson? It was about the ternary form, but what was it? Ternary form, three.

It is a musical form that has three sections.

Do you remember the alphabet names for those three sections? Yes, you're right.

A-B-A.

But do you remember how many types of ternary forms, did we learn? It was not one, it was not three, but it was two of them, simple and compound.

Now, let's learn more.

What are we going to learn today? Today, we will do a recap, of the compound ternary form.

So, we will go back to analysing Chopin's Polonaise Opus 40.

After that, we're going to introduce a new form, which is the Sonata form and the meaning of it, the Sonata.

So, what is it? From there, we're going to take a look at the structure and we're going to take a look at an example of it, so we learn a little bit more about it.

But first, first let's go back to compound ternary form, which can also be called the trio form.

It is a binary form A-B but it repeats the first sections twice.

And also the last one, not always, but it always returns to A, so the first two A-B will always repeat.

The last one, sometimes it's optional but if they repeat, it will look like as A-A, B-B, A-A, but as you can see on my picture, inside the big sections, there are subsections.

So, within A, we will find A-B-A, inside the big B we will find C-D-C and inside A, we'll find A-B-A.

Remember, that this formula not always follows, could be A-B-A, could we A-A-B-A inside B, could be see C-C-D-C or C-C-C-D-C and so on.

We can also call A, Minuet and we can also recall the B, we can call it Trio.

So, let's take a look.

Again, let's listen together at the Polonaise Op.

40.

First musical idea we call A.

A repeats.

Contrasting idea within the big A, it's time for B.

Going back to A.

Did you hear the change? Now, it's C because it's the first subsection within the big B.

C repeats.

We are still in C.

Finally D, after C repeating four times.

Short D going back to C.

C repeats itself one more time.

Yes, we've gone back to A.

But this time, does not repeat A, goes straight to B.

Back home in A.

So, as I explained before, not always the formula: A-A, B-B, A-A repeats because this time, Chopin did not repeat the last A twice, as we have heard.

So, let's move on to a new musical form and new term, Sonata.

What is Sonata? The word Sonata comes from Latin and Italian and it means Sonare, per Sonare which translates to sound, it needs to sound.

The interesting thing about Sonata, is that you have to play it.

You cannot sing it.

If you would sing it, it would be Cantata for Cantare.

If Sonata is for Sonare, Cantata's for Cantare, who is sung.

Now, if binary form was the most popular form in the Baroque, Sonata, that was the most popular music genre in the Classicism.

The Classicism came after the Baroque period.

So, by the 19th century, was one of the pillars, one of the most famous and fundamental form of composing music.

But the Sonata was used, uh was meant to be played by lots of instruments or alone.

So, the binary form, do you remember? It was one movement, but the ternary, but the Sonata it was meant to be composed for three movements, sometimes even two or four.

So, those movements, they always follow the same formula.

The first one was fast and normally it was an Allegro.

The second one was slow and could be called Andante, Adagio or Largo.

Andante in Italian means walking.

So, it's slow but walks.

Adagio, al gusto, your own choice but slow and Largo, very slow.

And the last one, the fastest of them all called Finale, but very, very fast.

So, let's take a look at the structure of the Sonata.

As you can see on my pictures, we don't have A-B-A anymore because now it introduces sections to organise the musical ideas and these sections, they have names.

So, coming into three, some can't have an introduction which optional, normally the introduction would be slow.

So, what we called A before, now we call it exposition which presents the music material, the all the main ideas.

The development, which before we called B, develops the music material that we heard in the exposition in many ways.

And the recapitulation or the recap takes us back home to the exposition.

So, let's have a listen to one of the most famous examples of Sonata by Mozart.

First material, exposition.

The exposition repeats.

Now, we get into the development.

It sounds a little bit like the exposition but it uses different harmonies and tonalities to explore all the possibilities of the exposition.

Recapitulation.

So, it was a very short development.

And now we would go back to the development as a repetition and from the development to the recapitulation and then the Sonata, would finish.

So what can we do at home? I would love for you to rewind and listen to the Mozart Sonata Opus 16.

Can you hear all the sections by yourself? And maybe, can you find another Sonata at home and try it by yourself? Could be a piano Sonata, could be a violin Sonata, could be a flute Sonata.

I hope that you will find time for yourself to explore all the possible Sonata at that home.

And then next time you and I, we're going to analyse Mozart again and many more.

So, thank you for coming and ♪ have a lovely day.

♪ ♪ Bye bye.

♪.