Lesson video

Hello, my name is Miss Charatan.

Really good to see you today, and we are going to be learning all together, about how a pop song's constructed.

Before we get started, let's have a warm up, so just start by rolling your shoulders back because you may have been sitting down for a while today, and roll them forward, have a nice stretch up, out to the side, great.

Okay.

We're now going to have a rhythmic warmup.

My challenge is for you to make each rhythm more complicated than mine.

I'm going to give you an example.

I'm just going to start off with, repeat that.

Now I'm going to make it more complicated.

I'm subtly making it more and more complicated as we go along.

I'm going to challenge you to level up every time I clap.

You need to change one thing about it to make it more complicated.

That could be, doubling notes, or halving notes or having two of them together, it could be making something syncopated, it could be actually using a different part of your body.

Interesting to see what you'll come up with, be creative.

Here's my first rhythm again, same one as before.

Make it complicated.

Well done for trying all those different rhythms, maybe this is one to try with your family too.

Let's see what equipment you need and let's get started.

Great, in this lesson you will need a piece of paper, something to write on, pencil or pen, an instrument, or an app, I really like virtual piano, which is a good one to use on the phone, and a digital audio workstation.

Don't worry too much, if you don't know what that is, it's something like GarageBand, or BandLab for Education.

If you don't have anything to your hands, don't worry.

We can sort it out later, if you do have something assigned to hand best get logged in now, and then there's no time wasted later.

Pause the video, resume when you've got those things ready to start with me.

Lovely.

Today we've got a lot to get through.

We're going to recap our knowledge of chords so far, we will then talk all about structure.

We'll learn about a typical song structure.

We will learn how to play a complete structure of a song.

We will put our own ideas into a structure on a digital audio workstation, and we'll explore how to make us structure really varied.

Let's begin by recapping our knowledge of chords so far.

This one's going to be a practical one.

What are all the chords you have learnt so far? We've learnt probably these ones.

You may know more.

You're going to get an instrument or a virtual instrument or a real instrument.

It doesn't matter.

You're going to recap all of those chords.

If you've got the worksheet in front of you, there's pages and pages of the chords so if you're not sure, you can remember those chords using the worksheets.

If you're on the phone, remember you can do it just as easily.

You just need to make sure you're really dexterous with your fingers.

That's what you can do on the phone as chords.

It's really important we know what notes we've got here.

So pause the video, recap these six chords and resume when you're ready.

You should take about five minutes to do this.

Great.

Some lovely recapping.

Let's move on.

So we're now going to organise those chords into primary and secondary chords.

Here they are.

Pause the video, organise them into two columns and write down the numbers of the primary and secondary chords for your stretch.

Resume when you're ready.

The primary chords are listen carefully, C, F and G, and the secondary chords were, D, E and A.

The numbers were primary.

Tell me now it is one, it is four, it is five, and secondary it is two, it is three and it is six.

We got is correct.

What is a chord progression or a sequence? We've also done this together before.

For your stretch, did you compose a chord progression? What chord progression did you compose? A chord progression is a set of chords and these chords could be repeated, but not necessarily.

Wow.

A quick recap, well done.

Lots of practical playing too I hope.

We've recapped on all of your chords.

We're now going to look on to learning about a typical song structure.

What does structure actually mean in music? I know what it means in building a house.

That's the kind of the way the house is built.

What about music? Look at the three definitions, and tell me which one is the best definition for music.

The correct answer is, the way the music is laid out or the plan.

So a little bit like in real life.

Structure the way the music is laid out and the plan of music.

I think you probably know a bit about structure already.

Let's see what we know already.

The very beginning of a song, or piece of music.

What would you call that? If I'm about to start singing and I play something like this, ta ta ta ta ta Then I start singing.

What would that be called? That'll be called the intro or the outro if it's happening at the end.

That's typically with no singing, and we just have some chords.

What would we called the catchy section of a song that repeats with the same lyrics each time? For example, with the Shotgun, ♪ I'll be running shotgun ♪ That one, we probably know that already.

That is the, chorus.

What would we therefore call, repeated sections of a song that they do repeat again, but they have different lyrics every time? What's that called? If you said verse, correct? Well done.

If you know these three, we actually know a lot about structure already.

If you didn't, don't worry.

We're going to learn about it now.

How can we tell which bit is which in a song? Because songs are not always straightforward.

We're going to be listening for the following things.

Are there lyrics in the song? Are there repeated lyrics? Some lyrics come back again.

Do we have any repeated melodies or are the melodies brand new? Do we have a change in chord sequence or does it use one all the way through? Does the rhythm change at all? Does the sonority change? That's the type of instruments and sounds that are used.

What are we listening for and who are we listening to? When we listen to a song, we're going to be listening to a pop song.

There's going to be one part, which we're going to be listening to a little bit more than others, to work out where we are in a structure.

We're going to be listening a lot to the melody that's done by the singer obviously, but we also might be listening to the chords because these also are like a signpost to us the part of the piece or the song that we are in.

So in our next few tasks, you will need to be listening extra carefully to the melody and the chords of a song.

We're now going to analyse a song by George Ezra called "Shotgun." I can't play all of it to you, but I'm going to try and play as much as I can.

The first three questions are here.

We're going to focus on the chords.

You don't need to listen too much at melody.

I'm going to play three different parts of a song.

I'd like you to use your ears to tell me how many chords are used? How many beats are each chord? Are they changing throughout the song? Here is the first set.

♪ Homegrown alligator, see you later, ♪ ♪ Got to hit the road, got to hit the road ♪ Then that repeats in a sort of similar way with different lyrics, and then we have the next set.

♪ Time flies by in the yellow and green ♪ ♪ Stick around and you'll see what I mean ♪ Lastly, we've got this bit which happens after that last repeated section.

♪ I'll be riding shotgun underneath the hot sun ♪ ♪ Feeling like a someone, someone, someone ♪ If you needed to listen to those things again, that's fine.

Just rewind the video.

Let's now have a look at the lyrics to help us and the chords.

These are the lyrics and the chords here.

Have a look at these now and see if that helps you answer the three questions.

We're now going to go over the answers.

If you need more time, just pause the video now.

So how many chords are used? There are only four chords, used in this whole song.

C, F, A minor and G.

Did you notice how many beats were each chord? Each chord was four beats long.

For example, the very beginning.

It's pretty on different rhythm, but each chord had four beats.

Did it chords change? No.

It's the same all the way through the song.

Which in some ways, makes it quite hard for us to work out the structure.

We need to be listening and looking for some other things too.

We're now going to listen again.

I have got three parts of the song here.

The verse, the chorus and the intro.

Which bit of a song is which? I'm going to tell you already, or I'm going to let you choose already, where is the intro going to go.

Choose now.

If you said the intro goes here before everything else, you were completely correct.

We're now going to listen to that bit, but believe me, it happens.

If you want to go and listen to the song now, that's absolutely great.

You can go and find it.

We're just going to listen to little snippets of it now.

Which bit is which? Here's what the first bit sounds like.

♪ Homegrown alligator, see you later ♪ ♪ Got to hit the road, got to hit the road ♪ The second bit, ♪ The sun it changed in the atmosphere ♪ is similar but a little bit different at the same time.

♪ Time flies by in the yellow and green ♪ ♪ Stick around and you'll see what I mean ♪ There's a mountaintop is sound to the same tune as we've just heard.

And the last bit.

♪ I'll be riding shotgun underneath the hot sun ♪ ♪ Feeling like someone, someone, someone ♪ It just repeats exactly the same ♪ I'll be riding shotgun ♪ for a few more times, actually three more times.

That repeats again exactly the same.

Take a moment to decide, which bit is which? Which is the verse? Which is the chorus? We've got the intro already.

If you want to go and listen to the whole song, feel free to go and do that.

Let's now check our answers.

The, ♪ Homegrown alligator ♪ bit, that is the verse.

We know it's the verse because, it's not quite as repetitive as the chorus.

We don't have as much going on.

The chorus, could be this thick because suddenly the texture is a bit thicker.

It's a bit more exciting.

We have more repetition because ♪ The mountaintop ♪ ♪ Time flies by ♪ is the same melody.

This bit is also really, really repetitive because we've got the riding shotgun bit, which is actually repeated four whole times.

Twice, and then it repeats twice again.

We have got our structure so far.

We have an intro, a verse and quite a long chorus.

Let's now analyse the verse in a bit more detail together.

We can see we've got lyrics.

Do you know whether they come back later in the song? Well, even if we don't know the song, the answer is, definitely no.

Because it's a verse, so these verse lyrics will change every time we hear them, even if the tune, ta ta ta ta ta ta would say, stay roughly the same.

How does it repeat? So we got that ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta it's a little bit low for me.

So we've got this first section, and that doesn't repeat at all, if you know the song.

That doesn't repeat, we've got two different sections and we'd almost label this A and B, doesn't move by step or leap, ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta and then it goes down.

So it actually moves a bit by more by leap in the second bit but mainly step.

So it's very stepwise.

That's actually quite typical for verses.

Versus of songs tend to be more stepwise and certainly more jumpy and excitable choruses.

So that's the verse.

Quick analysis.

Well done.

Let's now look at the chorus.

Let's now have a look and analyse the chorus together.

There were three questions here with me.

You're now going to pause the video, and answer these three questions, and resume when you are ready to check with me.

Pause the video now.

Take five minutes and come back when you're ready.

Great.

So let's check our answers together.

Did the lyrics come back later in the song? The answer is, yes.

Because it's a chorus and chorus lyrics always come back later.

They are repeated the same.

How does it repeat? We've kind of got two sections.

We've got, ♪ The time flies by in the yellow one green ♪ and next, ♪ Stick around, you know what I mean ♪ that's repeated again, the same melody.

♪ There's a mountaintop ♪ The same melody, but with different lyrics.

We've got one section here, and then we've got the next bit.

♪ I'll be riding shotgun ♪ That's repeated exactly the same as well.

We have now got two parts of the chorus.

We can divide this into a pre chorus and a chorus.

The pre chorus is this stuff in light green and the choruses and stuff in dark green.

That's really common for pop songs to have a pre chorus.

It gets us ready for the chorus.

It's a kind of almost a bridge between the verse and the chorus.

Does it mean by step or leap? The first bit, ♪ Time flies by ♪ is a little bit more leap, it's a few more leaps done later, and this is mainly step.

♪ I'll be riding shotgun ♪ ta ta ta ta ta ta It goes up just a tiny bit and then we got a very small leap but it's mainly step.

Often choruses do tend to have a few more leaps in them.

This one doesn't, that's fine.

George actually is doing his own thing, and every song is unique.

Let's now look at the complete structure of Shotgun.

We said we started with an intro, then we had verse 1, then we had a pre chorus, then we had a chorus.

If you want to, you can now listen to the rest of the song, yourself and try and piece together, what happens next? It will be a really great challenge for you.

I can't play the whole song for you here.

If you're not quite sure how to get the rest of the song, let's have a guess, what's going to happen next, in our journey.

We've got our journey here of our song.

Next is the same thing.

We have verse 2, pre chorus, chorus.

What's going to happen next? We have a separate section now called a bridge.

A bridge, is a kind of contrasting section, which sets us up for the repeat of the chorus, or pre chorus at the end.

Let's now listen to the bridge.

How is it contrasting to what we've had before? ♪ We got two in the front, hey ♪ ♪ Two in the back, hey ♪ ♪ Sailing along ♪ ♪ And we don't look back ♪ So the bridge is different because the melody is a bit different and the lyrics is different.

It's a contrasting section.

Sometimes bridges might even have new chords.

Finally we finish with the pre chorus and a chorus.

Don't forget the outro at the very end.

This is a very typical structure of a song, and this bridge is this kind of contrasting bit that prepares us for the chorus, again one final time.

This is a very.

As I've said a very typical song structure.

It's a bit more sophisticated having a pre chorus in it.

How could we simplify this song Shotgun to make it even more simple? Take a moment now and decide which bits you could get rid of and still have a pretty normal song structure.

Okay.

What have you got rid of? We could definitely take away the pre choruses, we just have intro, verse, chorus, verse, chorus, bridge, chorus, outro.

It's pretty normal.

You could even take out the intro.

You could even take out the outro.

You could actually even take out the bridge if we want it to have a really simple, verse, chorus, verse, chorus, chorus song.

They do exist.

We've now learned about a typical song structure.

We're now going to go and learn, how to play the complete structure of a song.

Where this might be a bit of a daunting task to learn a complete structure of a song, but actually we need to just break it down and it's actually not as hard as you might think.

Let's have a quick recap.

What four chords does Shotgun use? You might want to flick back in my video to see.

So uses C, A minor, F and G.

That's chord I, chord vi, chord IV and chord V.

You could even do it in a different key that suits your voice if you know how to do that.

These next three questions, pause the video briefly for two minutes and decide the answers to these questions, and then resume when you were ready to check your answers.

Obviously it's up to you.

It's your personal choice.

Of course if you learn fast, but I would strongly suggest you learn the chords first.

'Cause that actually means you can do all the sections.

Then I'd probably do the chorus, 'cause that's the most repetitive and you'll feel really good learning that quite quickly.

How can you teach yourself a song? I'm not going to teach it to you.

You'll need to go off and teach it to yourself.

You could do this by listening to the song, you can go on websites, go on tutorials.

There's loads of great things out there on how to teach a song.

Go off and do it.

Go off and find them and be curious.

If you're just playing chords, how can you make a difference between the verse and the chorus? That is an interesting question.

You could definitely do this.

If you're playing a guitar or the ukulele by using strumming patterns.

I've got two suggested strumming patterns for you here.

The first one, just going to raise up a little bit.

The first one, is going down on the first few beats and then down, down, down, up down.

So it will sound like this.

ta ta ta ta ta ta ta ta like that.

The second one's a little bit more tricky.

one, two, I'm not used to I can't count and play.

I'm going to play that one for you one more time.

I play the first one and the second one.

One, two, three, four.

ta ta ta ta ta at ta ta ta ta And the second one, more complicated.

ta ta ta ta tatata ta tatata You'll need to make sure you're switching the chords as well, to be at pace.

Remember can't persist in the same chord the whole time.

That is one way you can make a difference between the verse and the chorus.

Try and use one strumming pattern in the verse, and one in the chorus.

If you're playing on a keyboard or a virtual keyboard, you can still have a different rhythm in the verse or the chorus, and remember you should absolutely be learning this on a virtual keyboard if you have one, because you can still play these chords and still make it sound really good and sing along.

You are now going to pause the video to complete this task and learn the complete structure to Shotgun.

Start with the chords and start trying to vary the strumming pattern of the rhythm in the verse and chorus.

You could even try and sing along.

Pause the video, take 10 minutes with this task and do as much as you can and resume when you are finished.

Great job for learning that so independently.

I really hope that's given you confidence to go and try out some other songs 'cause you've got so many chords now that you can play.

So many chords you can play as well.

There are three questions here I'd like you to reflect on.

Pause the video and reflect on these questions and resume when you're ready, this should take you about 10 minutes.

Great.

Hopefully for the second question you varied the way you play the chords by changing the rhythm and why, because it made it different between the verse and the chorus.

When you're having the same in chords, it goes all the way through, It's really important to vary it, to make it sound interesting and to create a distinction between these two sections of the song.

What is a typical song structure? On the screen I have got some areas of the structure all muddled up.

Put then in the correct order.

Pause the video, and resume when you're ready to check your answers.

Great.

Let's check our answers.

You should start with the intro, verse 1, chorus, verse 2, chorus, bridge, finally chorus and outro.

So you've got these all correct, well done.

What a great start.

How much have you learned already? We have now learned how to play a complete structure of a song.

Now it's going to be your turn to put your own ideas into a structure on the digital audio workstation.

We now need to have a look at how long each section is in order for us to put our own ideas in order.

I'm going to play you the introduction on my ukulele and you'll get to tell me how long is the introduction.

How many bars? Remember each bar is four beats.

Each chord is one bar.

Can we work this one out one, two, three, four.

♪ Homegrown alligator ♪ There we go.

How long was the introduction? I had four chords.

Each chord was four beats.

Each bar is four beats.

The introduction is four bars.

I'm not going to play you the rest of the song.

But if you do have the rest of the song to hand, listen to it and count how long each section is.

We can also work out just by looking at the chords and how often they happen.

Remember each chord is one bar.

So how long is the verse? Count up.

We have C, F, A minor and G, C, F, A minor and G that's eight chord.

Each chord is one bar.

So that is eight bars.

How long is the pre chorus? That is also eight bars.

And the chorus? Can we guess what this is? It's eight bars, but is it really? If you listen very carefully, it's actually repeated twice.

So the chorus is actually 16 bars.

That means we've got quite a symmetrical structure because the sections are either four or eight or 16 bars, but the chorus, and the pre chorus together is much longer than the verse.

I'm now going to show you how to create a structure using music software.

The following demonstration uses free software called BandLab for Education.

You can use it if you're under 13, but you must get permission from a parent or carer first.

If you need help setting up this programme, please speak to your parents or caregiver or your teacher.

You can find BandLab for Education online.

If you have GarageBand at home, or something similar, that would be fine to be using for this task.

Let's go to BandLab and find out how to make a structure using music software.

On BandLab for Education, you'll first need to either, you need to go to the library.

You will then either start a new project if you haven't been with me before, or if you were here in our previous lesson, you might have a virtual band.

I'm going to open my virtual band up.

I do open a mix editor, and it should load.

Here is my virtual band.

I've got my different parts, simple, rhythmic chords, bass line, rhythmic bass line and my drum machine.

You're now going to put your work into a structure.

You can see from a previous time, I have got several parts in already.

I've got chords played in different way, bass line and a drum machine.

If you don't have these things in yet.

You will need to record it in your own chord sequence or the one from Shotgun, as well as your own bass line.

To get a bass line in, all you need to do is copy the chord track by doing, duplicate track, like this, then you click in on the track, for the bass and delete the top two notes.

That's in a nutshell, how to make it very quick bass line.

To get a drum machine you do add track and you click on drum machine.

If you haven't got those things yet, pause the video and record those in now.

If you need further help, you can go back to our previous lesson.

Let's say, you've got all the different ideas in here, from last time.

I'm now going to make my introduction.

My introduction is going to be my simple chords and my simple bass line.

I'm going to therefore move, my rhythmic chords to start.

I'm actually going to leave a gap here for now, because I want to know where my things are starting and ending.

If you don't have more than one chord, you can just copy and paste it.

You hold it, you press on alt, you move it to here.

I think I might do that for now.

I'm going to move my simple bass line here.

We're going to paste that.

That's not working.

Try again.

Here we go.

That is my verse.

I want my verse to be eight bars, just like, George's is.

I'm going to leap this or form more bars.

You can see where it leaps when you can see this white line here.

I leap it to the white line, and that makes a verse.

I'm going to make a chorus.

Back to beginning.

So if my chorus, I want something more exciting.

If you have a rhythmic bass line or rhythmic chords, you can copy these ones over.

I'm actually just going to drag this one over, I don't need to copy it.

I'm going to make my chorus eight bars long.

Like this.

I'm going to delete this one 'cause I don't need it.

So my drum machine, I don't want it to start until my my verse.

Okay.

You can create a new drum machine for your chorus.

I'm going to keep say one for now.

I'm just going to keep the same one for now.

If I zoom out, if you go up here, you can see I've actually got my structure.

I've got four bar intro, eight bar verse, eight bar chorus.

You are now going to pause the video to create a song structure on a digital audio workstation.

So as I said, if you haven't already recorded in a chord sequence, record one in now, using C, A minor, F and G.

If you're not sure how to do that, go back on our previous lesson to find out then add any other part.

You're going to copy and paste to create an intro, a verse and a chorus, the chorus I'm going to suggest eight bars just 'cause it's going to be easier to manage, but if you want to do 16 like George Ezra, that absolutely fine.

Pause the video, take 10 minutes and resume when you're ready.

Fantastic.

Well done for working so hard on your structure.

There are three questions for you now to reflect on.

Pause the video, reflect on these questions and resume when you're finished.

Great.

We have put our work into a structure on a digital audio workstation, and we're now going to explore how to make our structure varied.

We're going to be thinking a lot about the accompaniment today because it's about varying accompaniment that can help us make a difference between a verse and a chorus, 'cause we don't have a melody at the moment to really tell that difference.

Who out of the band plays the accompaniment? Drum, drum kit, they're playing the rhythm, the chords and the bass line.

All three of those, play the accompaniment.

We can vary this to make a difference between the verse and the chorus, without the help of the melody.

We can vary it in a variety of ways.

We can change a strumming pattern over them as I showed earlier, when we were playing the song.

You could change your accompaniment style.

The sonority, the type of sounds that you hear, to the texture, you're going to have many more parts coming in at the chorus.

That's specifically the case in Georgia Ezra's song.

He has a kind of funky bass part that comes in.

You can have different jump patterns or a different chord sequence if you want to push yourself.

I'm now going show you how to do this on BandLab for Education.

I'm going to show you how to make the verse and chorus accompaniment sound different.

So by now you should have something which looks at least a bit like this.

You've got a four bar intro, eight bar verse, eight bar chorus with some gaps in between.

We'll fill those gaps in later.

How to vary your intro, verse and chorus.

For your intro, you should not have any drums or anything in 'cause that's a really easy way to make the song feel like it started properly when we introduced the drums at the verse.

If you've got drums here, I suggest you move them to start at the verse.

How else could we vary our work? We can vary the rhythm.

I have already done this my previous week.

I have varied my simple bass line into a different rhythmic.

You can actually see here, I've got three little dots here and only one here.

To vary the rhythm, all you need to do is copy and paste your bass line like this, using your chords, type or click into it.

You can shorten or lessen the the notes, like this.

I can add some more and experiment with some funky rhythms. If we just listen to this on its own, we can hear I've changed the verse by the rhythm.

You need to do it for all of the notes obviously.

I'm going to delete this one because I'm not going to use it for now, but that's going to give you an idea of what to do.

You can vary the rhythms of these ideas, your chords and your bass line.

You can also vary the rhythm of your drums. I'm going to move my drum machine track up to the top 'cause it's going to be easier for you to see.

I'm going to move it up there, and then, to get a different drum machine beat, I want to you to see the following.

Firstly, I'm going to have a different beat for the chorus and delete this one.

I'm going to click on drum machine, and you can see there's various patterns on here, you can actually play them.

That's pattern A, pattern B is this, there's lots of empty patterns for you.

If you are feeling competent, you can actually click in your own pattern or something it might a bit randomly.

It obviously leaps as we go along.

I did that, way to quickly, but you can decide something else.

I'm going to have pattern A and I'm going to click add A.

That's going to add A to where my mark is.

Brilliant.

I can have A for my chorus, like this.

Oh, done it in the wrong place just move it back here.

You might want to add more parts playing the same thing.

To do this you duplicate a track.

I'm going to right click, duplicate track, this is a copy, I can maybe have a different instrument come in.

Like a piano, like this.

We listen to the first part of the verse, compare it to the first part of the chorus, it sounds quite different already.

We just got the accompaniment here.

You also might want to experiment with recording in different rhythms. You can maybe have a contrasting chord sequence, depending on how much time you've got and how much you can spend on this.

You are now going to create contrast between your verse and your chorus, using a following techniques on the list and the techniques that I showed you in the demonstration.

Pause the video, take 10 minutes and resume when you're ready.

Lovely.

Well done.

You're now going to reflect on these three questions.

I can't answer these questions because I don't know what you've done exactly.

I would love to know, how did you make the verse and chorus sound different? Which techniques did you use? Okay.

If you were to finish your song, you'd obviously need to probably make the structure a bit longer.

You need to add a final chord, for example, and put some finishing touches in terms of balancing things.

We're not going to do that today, but of course you can go off and do that, and there'll be future lessons to show you how.

You are now going to share your structure you created so far in one of the following ways.

You can show it to somebody at home and you can even play along with it.

You could send it to a friend or family member for feedback or share it with your school.

I'm now going to show you on BandLab for Education, how you can share and download your work.

To share your work on BandLab, you might want to first just close the gaps between the verse and the chorus, now you've sorted everything out.

So close them up like this, et cetera.

You are going to save it by pressing save, go to file, download and mixdown as.

What will happen, is that this will save and you will get an option box to come up, and it would say, which format would you like it downloaded in? Choose MP3 'cause that's going to be the best one for sharing with multiple people.

Pause the video, share it in whatever way you choose, and resume when you're ready.

Fantastic work today.

We're now going to go back to our key question.

How are pop songs constructed? Pause the video, and fill in the blanks with these words in the pink box.

Resume the video when you're ready to check your answers.

The first word is, structure is the way that music is laid out.

The plan of the music.

A song would typically begin with an intro with no lyrics.

There would then be, verse 1.

Give yourself three ticks if you've got these correct.

Well done.

Next is a chorus, with repeated, catchy lyrics.

Sometimes there will be a pre chorus before.

Like we saw in Shotgun.

Then, we have verse 2, followed by another chorus.

Next is a contrasting section called a bridge.

It might use a different chord sequence.

It sets us up for the return of the chorus and the outro.

Fantastic work in today's lesson.

Don't forget to click on and complete the quiz to show how much you've learnt about structure.

Well, except to say is, take care, have a great rest of your day.

I do hope you go on and explore these digital audio workstations when you have a little bit more time and freedom.

Bye.