Lesson video

Hi everyone, welcome to today's lesson.

I'm Mrs. Brooks, and I'm gonna be taking you through the topic of classification of bones.

There's probably a little bit of a giveaway in the background as to what our topic is today.

We're joined by our foam skeleton, and that's gonna help us revisit our learning on the name of these bones but how these bones are classified.

So, we're gonna do brilliantly and let's have some fun.

By the end of the lesson, I'm hoping that you can describe the different types of bone and also link their function specifically to sport.

Now, our keywords for today's lesson are obviously the three categories of bones that we need to be aware of.

The first one is a short bone, and that is a smaller bone, a little bit of a giveaway in the title there, that tends to be used for fine movements.

In comparison, we're gonna look at what a long bone is.

They are obviously much larger in nature, but they're used for the opposite of fine, and they're used for gross movements.

And finally we're gonna look at and talk about a flat bone, and those bones are really quite crucial 'cause they are really important in terms of protecting our vital organs and keeping us safe.

For the first part of the lesson, we are going to talk specifically about those types of bones and then classify those names that we're now aware of and how they go under those categories of either short, long, or flat.

And that'll take us nicely into the second part of the lesson, where we'll look specifically at those different types and how they function and how they work within sport.

So, you can see on the screen there, we have an image of a skeleton, and that's really similar to the jigsaw skeleton I have behind me.

This is currently a really good time of year at the point of recording this when there are lots of skeletons in the shops.

And it just so happens, though, that I have this one that really helps me and reminds me about those different names of those bones that we need to know, but also at this point when we can start to group them into those different types.

So we will be using the jigsaw in the background, and it might be useful for you to have something similar where you can point to or reference when we're looking at these different types of bones.

What we probably do know just by looking at the jigsaw behind me, or looking at the image on the screen, is that bones do really vary in both size and shape.

And that's purposeful because they all have a slightly different function, they have a primary function.

As we've said as we looked at the keywords, some of them are quite vital in their function 'cause they protect us, they protect our brain, which is a really vital organ to allow us to think.

And then our heart and lungs, which I'm sure you're all gonna go on and learn about in terms of how vital they are in terms of breathing and respiration and getting blood around our body and those vital nutrients.

But others maybe don't have that protection element, but we need them in order to be able to move and walk, and particularly those major limbs, our arms and our legs, in order to then provide that movement, not only to walk, but 'cause we're learning about P.

E.

, but to be able to play sport.

Now, can you perhaps revisit some of your previous learning and think about those bones that you probably remember that are really quite important, particularly for that movement? Did you think about the femur? This bone in the upper leg here? Really important for running? 'Cause it's connected at the knee joint with our tibia and our fibula.

Likewise, those bones in our arms, the humerus at the top here, and how that joins at the elbow joint with the radius and the ulna? Really important for movement in the arm area.

What's common about those bones I've just stated? What features, you know? Can you look at the one behind me or look at the one closer to you? What do you notice about the features of those types of bones? Don't worry if you're not sure yet, you can possibly discuss it with the person next to you.

But even if you're still not sure, we're gonna make sure that we fully understand those common features as we move through the first part of this lesson.

Okay, so I listed there with you what we call long bones, and you can kind of see here that pretty obvious that this bone, that bone here, the femur is quite long in terms of how it appears.

And we can see on the screen there, that's a really similar image to that femur, that really long thigh bone that starts at our hip and moves all the way down to our knee.

And in our human body, I named a few there, but we have about 90 of them.

I just tended to pick the ones that we're really kind of used to in terms of sporting movement.

But as it says there, they have a shaft, we call this real key bit, this real long bit here, the shaft.

And that is longer than it is wide, and they are covered by this layer of compact bone round the outside.

And over time, that keeps them nice and strong and hopefully free from breaking.

Although we probably do know that those bones can break if they're ever hit by a force that causes them to break.

And as we've already said, they meet at a joint.

Okay, so if we look at our legs again, if we hold this one up, we can see our femur is connecting with our tibia, that shin bone, and the fibula, the one that just sits behind, and they form at the knee joint.

And we can't see it on our skeleton, but they have points of attachment with muscles.

Alright, so they're connected, those bones are connected with two muscles via our tendons.

And when those muscles contract, they pull on those bones, and that allows us to have movement.

Specifically, that gross movement.

So gross is another word for big.

So, we get those big strides when we're running.

Or our arms can go out to the side when we're doing a star jump.

That can only happen when our muscles contract and those tendons pull on that bone to allow that movement to happen.

Let's just remind ourselves of those examples again.

So in the arm, we can see here we have in the upper arm, we have the humerus, also known as the funny bone.

But if you guys have ever hit it, it's not funny actually, it feels quite painful.

But it's a good way of remembering it, particularly 'cause of the name humerus.

There's this long bone here in the upper arm and that connects at our elbow joint with, I could just take this one off from our jigsaw.

You can probably see here how we've got our radius here, which is the slightly bigger one of the two.

And then that is connected with that little bone, just slightly thinner bone, but both still long bones, and that's called the ulna.

You may remember that from your previous learning.

And as we can see here from our jigsaw piece, that's connected to our hand, or the bones in our hands at the wrist joint.

Alright, so we've got three quite common long bones there in the upper arm.

And as we've already shared, we've got our femur in the top of the thigh, connected with our tibia and our fibula.

That bone just behind that bone in the shin.

And you can see there that's connected at the knee.

We can also see that little kind of circular bone on the front of the knee.

We will have learned of that as a patella, but we can see straight away in terms of its shape and its size that that's definitely not long, hasn't got that long shaft.

So that's definitely not a long bone, but we've got some really good examples there of those long bones that allow us to have that gross movement.

Okay, so let's just have a check, quick check of our learning.

We've got three images there.

Can you say which one shows an image of long bones? That's correct.

Hopefully you went with B.

The other two images we're about to explore a little bit more, but that image in the middle there, that definitely shows us the one that we've just looked at which are those bones, those long bones in the leg.

Both the upper leg joining at the knee with the bones in the lower leg.

So we've mentioned long bones, but we've also got short bones.

Now they are, in terms of their structure, best way of understanding them is they're almost equal in length and width.

So they almost look cuboid-like, very square-like.

And they're primarily quite spongy.

Alright, so rather than this thick layer of compact bone, they've got a thin layer of compact bone.

And we've got some examples on the side there.

The bones in the wrist, the ones I just shared with you when we were looking at our radius and our ulna, and also the talus bone.

Okay, so that's the bone in the ankle.

You can see it there.

And they are really good examples of short bones.

And if you look at the orange shading in those images, you can see exactly that structure in terms of cuboid-like.

If I can just.

Let's see if we can grab our lower leg.

Not as easy to see, but it's part of our jigsaw piece.

This might be a really good opportunity now.

So we look at the bottom.

Sorry.

We look at the bottom of our tibia, and then this is connected to all those bones in the foot.

I'm hoping you're all looking at that point and thinking, "Oh, they're long bones too." And absolutely, yeah, we've got some long bones here because certainly at the end 'cause their shaft is quite long like we spoke about with our femur.

But the ones I'm really wanting to kind of look at is this one here, the kind of square looking one, which is our talus bone, which sits right at the bottom of the tibia and forms at the ankle joint.

We do also have some flat bones.

I'll just put my jigsaw piece back together.

And as the title suggests, they are almost flattened out as if they've been rolled out in some way.

But in some cases that flattening, they still have maybe a curve in it, and they are very thin layers of compact bone that have come together.

And there are lots of examples of this within our skeleton.

Probably the most obvious one, given that I've just said about being flat but also curved, is this one here, just on my tiptoes to just kind of point at that.

So that's our cranium, okay? The technical name sometimes referenced as skull, but we need to make sure we refer to it as cranium.

And you can see there on the image that's quite crucial 'cause that's protecting our vital organ of our brain.

We've also got, see quite clearly on our jigsaw here as well as on the screen there in that orange, we've got this bone known as the sternum.

So, you can.

It's quite clear to see that that is very flat in terms of how it's structured, and that connects to our ribs.

And we know they are behind there is the heart and lungs.

The heart and lungs are housed in that area, so they have that real crucial role of protecting those two very vital organs.

We also have the scapula, not as easy to see on our jigsaw, 'cause often you see that on the back of a skeleton.

But on the image there you can see how they have been shaded in orange for us.

And often people refer to them as the shoulder blade, alright? But their technical term is the scapula and they look quite triangle-like.

But you can kind of see from that image, that they're very flat, almost looks like they've been rolled out.

And we've got two either side, connecting to our shoulder joint.

All right, so in these gaps here, these little kind of inlets, that's where the head of our humerus would be sitting to form that shoulder joint.

And finally, we have our pelvis.

Okay, so that's where our reproductive organs are.

So they need protecting, given the vital role they play, and they're protected by that flat nature of that bone, which is the pelvis.

Also some really good examples there of flat bones.

So probably a good opportunity for another quick check.

We've got some images again and I'm gonna give you five seconds.

Which image in this instance is an example of a short bone? That's right.

Hopefully you went for C, because we can see there, that's the talus, the one we just referenced when we were talking about the lower leg moving into the ankle joint.

And we can see again it's very cube-like in the nature, which makes it a short bone.

From this then, I would like you now to have a go at your first task.

Now, it should be a nice quick task, but equally, I want you to make sure you spend a little bit of time doing it and doing it well.

So we have our skeleton here, it's a little bit different from my jigsaw, and you've been asked to label the following bones.

But once you've done that, think of a way of categorising.

So create your own key, and categorise those list of bones on our running skeleton into either long, short or flat.

Pause the recording and come back to me when you're ready.

Okay, how did you all do? Here's the running skeleton again.

And it's nice to see the skeleton not just in that anatomical position like the one behind me.

Often it's good to see them in the different movements that we associate with sport.

And a lot of the sports that we are involved in or we play or we watch, often we'll see movement of this kind.

So hopefully that was nice that you were able to label the bones in that way.

Now, I couldn't use colours, but I wonder how many of you may have used colours or a colour code for long, short and flat.

What I chose to do, just for you to check your work, is I used just a key letter.

So, L would represent long, F would represent flat, and S would represent short.

And you can see there we had the cranium.

So at the top there, we remember that this was an example of a flat bone as is the sternum.

They're the two we referenced in terms of protecting either the brain or the heart and lungs.

Then we have some of those examples of those long bones, so the humerus, femur and tibia.

And finally that short bone in our ankle, the talus.

Now we've learned those different types of bones or we feel confident to classify them in that way.

And we've already picked up on it a little bit by looking at our running skeleton.

Let's see if we can now feel confident to explain the function of those different bones specifically within sport.

So, Laura's gonna start us off, and she's asking the question, okay, she remembers that we said that there are 90 long bones, so most of the skeleton are made up of the long bones, but now she's saying, "Well, why are they important?" Well, we mentioned that gross movement, they're really essential for creating, a little bit like our skeleton, all right, that skeleton was able to be in that running motion 'cause those long bones were connected to muscles and were allowing that running action to take place.

And as we've already kind of talked about, that is because those muscles are joined at those joints.

So we can see our gymnast here, in quite a flexible position, but only possible because of that leverage and that movement that's caused by our skeletal muscles that are connected to our bones via tendons.

Okay, so then she's saying, quite rightly, "Is it movement and leverage that's the only function?" And that's a really great question because long bones do also have another function, and inside them, remember we said they've got this long shaft if we point to our femur again, because of that they're able to have bone marrow within that shaft.

And actually inside that bone marrow is where our blood cells are produced.

So they've also got that function of producing red blood cells.

So let's do a quick check on our long bones.

We are being asked here, true or false, is the main purpose of long bones to enable gross movement? Five seconds, what do you think? Do you think that's true or false? It is in fact true.

Why is it true? Well, as we've already worked out in our first part of our lesson, those long bones like the femur, the humerus, they're really essential for those large, those gross movements to occur causing that leverage at joints from our skeletal muscles.

It's not its only purpose, but it's their main purpose.

And particularly the one that's a bit more relevant to us within sport and P.

E.

Let's revisit our short bones.

So we know they are quite cuboid-like, they're equal in width and length.

And in terms of that sporting function, they are more for finer movements and that more controlled movement.

So, look at this hand here.

That's probably quite a common sporting movement.

We can see there the hand is currently just gripping that ball.

But that could be a racket, that could be a relay baton, that could be.

There are many other implements that I'm sure you can think about where the hand has to grip or catch or throw, all right? And that is very much more of a finer movement and does need that level of control.

So our short bones help us with that.

In addition, if you think about the one, the talus in particular, alright, that is bearing our weight a lot of the time.

Even now how I'm stood up, that talus has taken quite a lot of my weight as I'm talking to you.

So they're also important for that weight bearing.

And look at our gymnast here holding a handstand.

A lot of that weight will be going through those short bones at the back of that wrist, the ones that I showed you earlier.

All right, so not only do they help that fine and controlled movement, they're also important for bearing weight.

And we know our flat bones are really essential for that protection of vital organs.

We gave the example of the cranium protecting the brain, we mentioned the pelvis and the fact that's protecting our reproductive organs.

Quick reminder of that, in that image there, we can see the organ, the brain, and how you've got that curvature or that flat nature of that bone of the cranium and how that's really beneficial to protect all areas of our brain.

Can you think of any other examples? Have we mentioned any in today's learning? We can have a quick check on this one though.

Out of those listed there, one of them is not an example of a flat bone.

Which one do you think it is? Well done.

It is in fact the tibia.

Okay, remember the tibia is a long bone? We saw that on our skeleton here.

Whereas the sternum, the pelvis and the cranium are all examples that we've given already as flat bones.

Now, I imagine when I said to you, "Can you think of other examples?" Hopefully you were saying or you reminded yourselves of the sternum.

As we can see there in that orange shading and the ribs are also flat bones.

Now the sternum, it's really clear to see on that image how it attaches to the ribs in the front of the chest, and it's really vital to protect those heart and lungs.

Now let's take that one step further.

Let's think about some sports.

Can you think of any when that actually is really beneficial? So to have that, almost that shield in place, so those heart and lungs never get damaged, which can be quite serious if not fatal.

I wonder how many of you at that point maybe thought of a sport such as rugby.

And I know it's quite a common one to talk about 'cause we know that's, you know, it's a contact sport, and it involves a lot of contact around the whole of the body, all right? But in a tackle, if that area gets that force that comes through from a tackle, that sternum and those ribs are playing that really vital role of protecting those key vital organs.

And they're flat in nature to allow that function to take place.

Now, in the first part of the lesson, we also talked about the scapula.

If you remember I referenced them as the shoulder blades.

Now, they are a flat bone, but you're probably thinking they don't really protect a vital organ or organs as such.

Not in the same way that we've just mentioned the brain and the heart and the lungs.

You could look at that image and think actually they do form part of that kind of thoracic cavity.

You know, they're at the back of that.

So there is an element of protection in terms of the heart and lungs and those organs in the upper chest.

But they do also have some muscle attachment.

I mentioned to you about these inlets and where that connects the humerus to form that ball and socket joint at the shoulder.

So they have lots of muscle attachment sites and they really can then allow the shoulder to move.

And what that does, just share with us, is that some of the classification bones is more about the shape than the function, right? So even though we spoke about those real primary and key functions, there's the odd exception to the rule, and I would say the scapula is a really good example of that.

It is very flat, but not so key about protection, more about that muscle attachment in the same way we've talked about long bones, which is a really nice link into our final task.

I did a little bit of an example there from rugby, and I'm hoping you maybe have come up with other sports.

But in this particular task, we're gonna look specifically at boxing.

And I would like you to think of examples of types of bones.

We've got our three listed.

Our long, our short and our flat.

And when you've thought about those examples, we need to develop that and explain how that function is used when boxing or in a boxing match.

Pause the recording and come back to me when you're ready.

Okay, how did you do? This is a really good task where you could do that multiple times but just keep switching out the sport.

But thank you for having a go at it specifically with boxing.

Now, these are some of the things you could have written, so go check against what you've already put down.

In terms of long bones, you could have mentioned those in the upper arm.

We mentioned them quite a lot as we moved through the lesson.

Alright, so we talked about the humerus in the upper arm, we mentioned the radius and the ulna in the lower arm, we now know they're long bones in terms of their shape, but we know their function is to create that gross movement.

So the answer here is really saying, well, actually the boxer then can create that extension of the arm so they can punch or put themselves into a position that I'm kind of in now and be able to block those punches.

Right, 'cause they've got that movement at the joint to protect themselves.

So that's that gross, that big movement.

Likewise, you could have gone with the short bones in the wrist.

Right, these ones right at the end here that connect to the radius and the ulna.

And they do create that finer movement, remember? So that actually in itself even allows that grip there when in that punch position, and when in a boxing match, remember, the boxer is always moving, often to dodge and evade those punches.

So, that talus in the ankles is allowing that boxer's weight to be stable, but also to allow it to move.

'Cause they'll be connected to those muscles in our lower leg that will be allowing the lower body to move.

And finally, and probably I imagine the most obvious one with boxing, is definitely the cranium.

Okay, so it protects that.

I mean, I know a lot of boxers now would wear head guards, but you've still, with underneath that head guard, you've also got the cranium, which is obviously protecting the brain from any kind of impact.

And likewise this area here, in terms of protecting the lungs and heart, if there's gonna be some punches that are going into that area.

So, well done for having a go at that, specifically with boxing.

Maybe some extension activities for you is to do something similar but keep changing the sport.

So being prepared for the kind of questions that could come up on this topic area and the sport could be already dictated to you.

So you've gotta be prepared that those, you know, any sport could be asked about, particularly sports from our activity list.

Okay, so let's summarise our key learning from today's lesson.

We know that our skeleton or our skeletal system as shown in the background here and from those many images that we looked at, really just provide that structural framework for movement.

And a lot of that movement occurs at our joints, so where those two bones come together and form a joint.

However, within the skeleton, we've got those different shapes of bones and that will determine how much movement can occur.

We know those short bones, even though, for example, this one joins at the wrist joint, they are very much about finer movement.

Whereas our longer bones, they enable that gross movement.

Some really good keywords there in terms of gross and fine.

And those flat bones predominantly provide that flat surface to protect vital organs.

As we learn about the scapular, also have that large surface area for muscle attachment.

Thank you so much for joining me today.

I hope you've done lots of learning and equally had fun, and I'll look forward to seeing you on the next lesson.

Bye.