Lesson video

Hello and welcome to today's lesson.

My name is Mr. Swayze and I'm looking forward to teaching you today.

We are going to be looking at the major joints in the human body and the proper anatomical terms for different types of movement.

For example, flexion and what happens in different sporting performances.

Today's lesson is called Joints and their movement, and it comes from the anatomy and physiology, the musculoskeletal system unit.

By the end of this lesson, you'll be able to describe the movements that occur at different types of joints.

I'm sure you've all heard of people saying that they are flexing their biceps, but what movement does that create? My first question to you is, what are some of the other names for movement that can happen at different joints and is there a difference between the range of movement possible at a ball and socket joint compared with a hinge joint? Once you understand the correct terms, you'll be able to analyse all sorts of sporting movements and correctly describe what is happening.

One thing to be careful about is when we have a freeze frame photograph of a sports performer and we need to analyse or identify what position the different joints are in and then we can go on to discover what muscles create that movement.

Can you name any of the movements and the terms other than flexion? The key words for today's lesson are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

We're also gonna learn about rotation.

We will be exploring when these different movements occur during the preparation, the execution, and the follow through stages of different sporting actions.

As I mentioned earlier, some of those freeze frame photos are a bit hard to figure out.

Well is it? Right at this moment I can see flexion or they're moving into a flexed position so we can look at that as we go.

But flexion is the most commonly known term describing bending, and you obviously can't bend a bone.

So the actual bending or decreasing angle occurs at a joint between two bones, not at the bone itself.

So flexion is a bending movement around the joint or a decrease in the angle.

Extension is a straightening movement around the joint or an increase in the angle at that joint.

Abduction is moving away from the midline of the body and then adduction is moving that limb back towards the midline of the body, whereas circumduction is moving the limb in a circular motion, and it's actually a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

(throat hems) So in our lesson today, we will first of all describe the anatomical terms for different movements.

There are six you need to be aware of.

If you go on to A level PE or perhaps study sports science at university, you'll learn about some more to include planter flexion or pointing the toes and dorsiflexion, which is the opposite to that movement.

But at this stage we are most interested in the hip, shoulder as we know they're ball and socket joints, and then also the knee and the elbow which we know as hinge joints.

We will then identify the different movements possible at these hinge or ball and socket joints before analysing some sporting actions to describe the movements happening at major joints.

I hope you're ready, let's get started.

Okay, so anatomical terms are used to describe different types of movement at our joints.

These include flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and then rotation and circumduction.

Can you demonstrate and explain what any of these look like? So flexion is when you decrease the angle at a joint.

We often refer to this as bending, but that is less obvious at a ball and socket joints and it can happen at the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints.

So here we can see elbow flexion and I've just demonstrated it for you.

Knee flexion, so bending of the knee joint.

Shoulder flexion is this movement of the arms up in front of the body or if I'm sideways on, you can see that movement up in front and I sometimes remember that as if I've got my arms up in front and my hip up in front, that's almost like the letter F for flexion.

And as I just mentioned, we've got that hip flexion as well.

Extension then is that opposite movement.

When you increase the angle at a joint, we often refer to this as straightening and it can happen at the shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints again.

So all four of those joints.

Here we've got that picture.

So we've gone from flexion at the elbow to extension, straightening that elbow back out.

Knee extension or straightening of the knee joint.

Shoulder extension.

So if your arms are up in front, as we move those back down, that is shoulder extension and we can actually call it hyper extension when we go beyond straight as in that diagram there.

And then hip flexion, that movement from the hip if I use my skeleton here.

So this hip joint is in a flex position at the moment and then the hip joint, that ball and socket joint of the hip is now extending to straighten that leg back down and move beyond straight even.

So into that hyperextended position.

Okay, let's have a quick check.

Which of the following is the correct definition for flexion? Is it a, decreasing the angular joint, b, increase in the angular joint, c, movement towards the midline of the body or d, movement in more than one plane, i.

e flexion, extension, abduction and adduction combined.

Hopefully you put down decreasing the angle at a joint.

Okay, onto the next pair of movement.

So we've got abduction, which is when you move a limb away from the midline of the body, that can happen at the hip and shoulders.

So again, if I use this illustration, movement away or abducted, same at the hips abducted away.

So almost into that star jump position, that is abduction.

(Skeleton bangs) Nice way to remember this is we get abducted or taken away by aliens.

So you can see here abduction at the shoulder and the hip during that outward phase of the star jump.

Whereas adduction is when you move a limb back towards the midline of the body.

So that centre point of the body and it happens at the hip and shoulder joints again.

So I'm going from that abducted position to adduct the left arm, adduct the right arm, adduct the right hip and adduct the left hip back to that standing straight up position.

So you can see adduction at the shoulders and the hip in that recovery phase of a star jump.

Which of the following is the correct definition of adduction then? Is it a, decreasing the angle at a joint, b, spreading your fingers apart in the hand, c, movement in a circle along the long axis of a bone or d, movement towards the midline of the body.

That's right is d, movement towards the midline of the body or adding the body parts back together again.

Next up we've got rotation.

So this is when a limb moves around its long axis.

You can see me here rotating my finger and I'm doing that at the shoulder joint actually.

So my shoulder joint is allowing that rotation along the long axis.

It's a circular movement where part of the body turns whilst the rest remains still.

So that can happen at the shoulder joint and also to a certain extent at the hip joint.

And then the last movement is circumduction.

So turning in that circular movement, you can see here in my shoulder joint it occurs in more than one plane and it's that combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

Okay, let's have a quick check.

Which of the following is the correct definition of circumduction? Is it a, the action of pointing the toes in the downward motion, b, increasing the angle at a joint, c, movement towards the midline of the body, or d, movement in more than one plane, i.

e flexion, extension, abduction and adduction combined.

Hopefully you selected d.

So it's that combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, and when you combine those, you can end up with that circumduction, that circular movement.

So what I would like you to do now is add labels to the diagrams of a netball chest pass and a sprint star to identify any of these movements you can see.

Remember you might not see all of these movements, but for the netballer I'm interested in what we can see between that starting position of the ball held at the chest and that execution of the pass.

And then we're gonna have a look at the second, the sprinter, which of the hip, knee, shoulder and elbow joints can you identify where flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation or circumduction is happening? And then for part two of this task, I want you to provide a definition of each of the six movement terms. Pause the video and come back to me when you're ready.

Okay, so we can see here is this netballer goes from a chest pass position.

We've got extension and abduction at the shoulder joint.

So the shoulder joint is in tight adducted to the body and extended, so it's down straight.

We can also see flexion at that elbow joint.

We can see the left elbow there in a bent or flex position.

And then as it moves into the follow through, you can see flexion of the shoulder joint but it's still adducted, and you can see extension at the elbow joint.

So straightening of the elbow joint.

Did you spot any other movements? Maybe you thought actually that's a little bit of part circumduction that's going on there rather than flexion, but because it's only gone up 90 degrees forwards, I definitely think you should be labelling that as flexion at the shoulder joint.

And then let's have a little look at the sprinter.

So you can see here we've got extension at that back hip as the leg straightening to explode out of the blocks.

You can see extension at the back knee, so that back knee is straightening as well.

You can see flexion of the front knee, so it's in that fully flexed position.

Extension at the elbow.

So it's nearly fully straight, so near full extension and extension and adduction at the shoulder joint 'cause the arms are held in together.

And obviously that sprint technique, we want that hips to lips movement, not lateral movement that would involve that abduction and adduction which is poor technique.

Then we've got on that lead arm flexion or slight flexion at the shoulder and slight flexion at the elbow joint.

Often used the terms slight to illustrate that it's only in part flexed or extended.

And then in terms of the definitions, you should have put the flexion is decreasing the angular joint or bending, extension is increasing the angular joint or straightening.

That's really obvious at hinge joints, a little bit less so at ball and socket, which is why I use that idea of remembering.

Flexion is when you move your shoulder joint and your hip joint up in front and that spells out like a capital F letter.

Then we've got abduction, that movement away from midline of the body.

adduction is movement of the limbs back towards the midline of the body.

Rotation is when you almost join a dot, where the limb rotates around its long axis, and then circumduction is turning on a circular path around a joint and it can occur in more than one plane.

So circumduction being that combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

Okay, let's move on to identify movements possible at different joints.

Hinge joints at the knee and elbow only allow flexion and extension.

We can see them there in this sprint start from this athlete.

Stand up and then flex or bend and extend or straighten your right elbow and your right knee at the same time to demonstrate what this movement looks like in practise.

Does it look like this? So the flexion and extension at the elbow and the same at the knee joints.

It should do.

Meanwhile, ball and socket joints at the hip down here and at the shoulder allow flexion in extension too.

Stand up and then flex your right shoulder and your right hip joints and hold that position.

This will require some balance.

Does it look like this? It should do and you can almost see like an F shape between the arm outstretched here and the leg outstretched, and then obviously the left leg is extended.

So you can see like a capital F shape, which is the way I like to remember that flexion at the shoulder joint and at the hip joint is when they move up in front.

Ball and socket joints also allow abduction and adduction as well.

So that's movement away from and back towards the midline of the body and we can do that at the shoulder and at the hip joint.

So stand up and abduct both your hip and both shoulder joints then hold that position.

Does it look like this? It should do, so almost that outward phase of a star jump.

And ball and socket joints as we said at the hip and at the shoulder also allow rotation.

So drawing a dot and circumduction.

Drawing a big circle.

Stand up and circumduction your right shoulder.

Does it look like this? It should do, and we can obviously circumduction anticlockwise like you would in a cricket bowl and you can also circumduction clockwise like you would if you were swimming backstroke in the pool.

What I would like you to do now for the next task, is to complete a table identifying the different movements possible at the elbow, knee, shoulder and hip.

It may help you to note which of these is a hinge or a ball and socket joint to do this.

Pause the video and come back to me when you are ready.

Hopefully that was quite straightforward.

This is a useful table to refer back to.

And once you get into naming all the muscles of the body, you can replace these little ticks that you've put with the names of the muscles that create that movement.

For example, we know don't we, that it's the biceps that causes flexion at the elbow in that first box.

So there is how the skeletal and the muscular systems work together.

The muscles contract to cause leverage that makes the bones articulate or move at those joints.

And you can see there I've put elbow, in brackets H for hinge joint, same for the knee, and then the shoulder and hip of course are ball and socket joints.

For the final part of this lesson, it's important to be able to analyse sporting actions and name the movements that are occurring of the different stages of the movement.

So during the downward phase of a bicep curl in weightlifting, so when we're moving from that bicep flexed position down into the bicep extended position, it is extension at the elbow joint that's happening.

If the athlete then performs flexion at the elbow joint, the weight will get lifted back up again into that bent arm position.

Which of the following is an example of flexion? Let's do a quick check for understanding.

Is it a, execution of kicking a ball at the knee in football or b, the elbow action when preparing to perform a chest pass in netball, or c, standing on tiptoes in a dance performance.

That's right, it's b.

So that elbow action when preparing to perform a chest pass is flexion, whereas the execution of kicking a ball is extension at the knee and standing on tiptoes or pointing our toes it's known as plantar flexion of the ankle.

When a footballer strikes a ball and follows through, they perform full extension at their knee joint and also flex their hip joint to bring their leg up in front of them as you can see in this illustration here.

So we've got that flexion at the hip joint and extension at the knee joint in the kicking leg.

Which of the following is not a repeat, is not an example of extension.

Is it a, movement at the hip joint when preparing to kick a ball, movement at the elbow joint during the execution of a set shot in basketball, or movement at the shoulder joint to reach out to the side to save a ball in football.

Hopefully you selected c, that movement out to the side is of course known as abduction and that's what you'd be doing to dive to save a ball at the side in football, whereas the other two are examples of extension.

Okay, so when a gymnast holds the iron cross position on the rings, that position there requires them to hold both shoulder joints in that abducted position and requires an awful lot of strengths.

Which of the following is also an example of abduction? Is it a, execution phase of the leg kick at the hip joint in swimming breast stroke.

Think that through, you might almost need to replicate the action to try and figure that out.

Or is it b, standing with the arms by your side and feet together to start a floor routine in gymnastics.

Again, maybe stand up and get in that position.

Or is it c, standing on tiptoes in a dance performance.

That's right, it's a.

The execution phase of a leg kick at the hip joint when swimming breasts strokes.

So that movement of their leg as it comes out at that.

When a swimmer reaches their arms out away from the midline of the body when exploding out of the water when swimming butterfly, it's referred to as abduction of the shoulder.

Which of the following is not an example of adduction? Jumping arms and legs back together during a star jump, the hip joint position in trampolining when performing a straight jump, or the movement at the shoulder joint when preparing to throw a javelin.

That's right, c.

So that movement of the shoulder joint when preparing to throw a javelin is actually abduction because the arm's being moved away.

Whereas when you jump the arms back together during a star jump, that's abduction, and the hip joint in trampolining when performing a straight jump again, is in that abducted position and it's also in a fully extended position.

When a baseball player rotates their hips before pitching or bowling a ball, it helps to generate power.

Let's do a quick check.

Which of the following is an example of rotation? Is it a, execution of throwing a dart at the elbow joint.

Is it b, the ankle joint movement when raising toes towards the tibia to get under a lofted free kicking football, or is it c, a quarterback's shoulder joint to generate power and spin on the ball.

That's right, it's c.

So a quarterback's shoulder joint to generate power and spin on the ball as they're taking that American football throw and it spins the ball as they release it.

When a wheelchair tennis player swings that arm at the shoulder joint for an overarm serve, it creates a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

And as we know this is known as circumduction.

Okay, let's check one last time.

Which of the following is in an example of circumduction? Is it a, the shoulder joint when bowling in cricket, or b, the knee joint when preparing to kick a ball or c, the hip joint when exploding out of the blocks in a 100 metre sprint.

Hopefully you selected a, so that shoulder joint bowling in cricket was the correct example of circumduction.

Time for the last task of this lesson.

I want you to identify the movement occurring at the following joints and the ones that are identified in that red circle.

And for the golfer that is highlighting the right shoulder joint during the swing, feel free to look at other joints too if you have time.

Press pause while you do this.

Okay, and just to check, have you done the second part of this task which asked you to explain why that is the correct terminology by providing a sentence to contextualise your answer? So for example, the elbow is extending or straightening during the execution of a chest pass as the angle at the joint is increasing.

Okay, let's take a look and see what you came up with.

So first up we've got this swimmer and it is flexion at the elbow joint that we can see.

And the explanation to help put that into context is that flexion is when the angle at the joint is decreased or bent.

Then we've got this golfer and we're looking at the right shoulder.

So circumduction has occurred at the shoulder joint and of course circumduction is when you draw a big circle with your shoulder joint and it's a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

This next one, the baseball player, we're looking at the right knee there, and there is slight flexion at that right knee.

Often it's helpful to use those terms of slight or fully flexed or extended.

And then yeah, we can explain that by saying flexion is when the angle of the joint is decreased or bent.

And that's why it's only slight flexion.

If it was full flexion, his heel would be touching his bum at the back there.

And then we've got this footballer trying to get some balance by putting that right shoulder out to the side.

So that is known as abduction at the right shoulder and as we know, abduction is when the arm is moved away, abducted by aliens away from the midline of the body.

Let's summarise what we have learned about joints and their movements.

So the shape of different joints enables different movements to be possible.

Hinge joints at the elbow and knee only allow flexion and extension.

Ball and socket joints on the other hand are at the shoulder and the hip joint and they allow flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotation and circumduction.

Thanks for joining me in this lesson today and I really look forward to seeing you again soon.

See you next time.