Hello everyone.

Mr. James here, and I am looking forward to learning some science with you today.

So I hope you're all set, you're feeling curious.

Let's go.

Today's lesson is from the unit rocks and soils, and we will be learning more about fossil formation.

And our lesson outcome for today is this: I can describe a range of different ways in which fossils can be formed.

Let's help you do that.

Here we go.

Starting, of course, with some key words that will come up in our lesson today.

So I'll say them, you repeat them.

So my turn and then your turn.

Here goes.

First one is palaeontology.

Your turn.

Fossil.

Your turn.

Resin.

Your turn.

Minerals.

Your turn.

Sediment.

Your turn.

Had you heard some of those words before? Perhaps you had.

Let's have a look at what they mean.

So palaeontology, it's the study of fossils and how life on Earth has changed over millions of years.

Well, a fossil is the remains or the imprint of living things that are sometimes preserved in rock, in rocks.

Resin is a sticky substance that's produced by some trees.

Minerals occur naturally and can be dug out of the ground.

Sediment is solid material that is moved and deposited in a new location.

So today's lesson, this is how it's going to go.

We're gonna start off with palaeontology, which is the study of fossils.

That's a tricky word, palaeontology, but it's a great word if you know it, 'cause you can impress everyone by saying it.

And then we're gonna have a look at other ways fossils are formed.

So palaeontology, here we go, the study of fossils.

In your science lessons, you study different areas of science.

Do you know what they are? Have a think for a moment.

I'll pause, I'll ask you to pause the video, and then we'll show you what they are.

I wonder what you said.

Perhaps you thought of a lot of different areas of science.

But they come under these headings.

So we have biology, which is the study of living things.

Then there's chemistry, materials and weather, and physics, how things in the world work.

Can you match the pictures to each of those headings? Biology, chemistry, and physics.

Learning about these different areas of science helps us to understand more about planet Earth, where we live.

And science can tell us about the planet's beyond as well.

Palaeontology is also a type of science.

Palaeontology is the study of fossils and how life on earth has changed over millions of years.

We can look back and see cave paintings and we can find fossils.

You'll have to look quite closely at this tray of fossils, and then you will perhaps notice what some of them might be.

Can I see a jaw? Can I see some teeth? Here's a fossilised shark tooth.

It's 50 million years old.

And here is a fossilised seashell.

It's even older.

It's about 195 million years old.

Sofia says, "When I'm studying biology in class, I'm a biologist." Laura says, "When I am studying physics in class, I'm a physicist." Jacob says, "When I'm studying chemistry in class, I'm a chemist." Hmm, so what about you? Today you're learning about fossils.

So what kind of scientist are you? Three, two, one.

A palaeontologist.

You're a palaeontologist.

So, can you remind me, what is palaeontology the study of? Is it, A, space, B, rocks, C, fossils, or D, animals? That's right, palaeontology is the study of fossils.

Well done.

Palaeontologists have helped us to understand how living things like plants and animals have changed over time.

They study fossils, which they find in the ground to help them understand what animals, like the woolly mammoth, and plants, such as ferns, used to look like millions of years ago.

Who do you agree with and why? Sofia says, "Palaeontology helps us learn more about how living things have changed since I was a baby." Jacob says, "Palaeontology helps us learn more about fossils and learn how they were formed at least 10,000 years ago." Laura says, "Palaeontology helps us learn more about how non-living things will change in the future." Well, I'm going to ask you to pause the video now and have a little talk about that.

Decide who you agree with and why.

Yes, Jacob.

Jacob said, "Palaeontology helps us learn more about fossils and how they were formed at least 10,000 years ago." Here's task A.

Use the information about the palaeontologists on the next slide to match the fossils below with their famous discoveries.

You will need to look carefully at the shape and feature of these fossils, and talk with a partner about why you've chosen each one.

So we've got, have a closer look.

Fossil one, fossil two, and fossil three.

So what you need to do is to use the information about the palaeontologist, which is on the next slide, to match these fossils, the fossils below with their famous discoveries.

You'll need to look carefully at the shape and the features of these fossils, and talk with a partner about why you've chosen each one.

So I will just give you a moment to have a little look at those fossils.

So you could pause the video now, or if you want, you can hear the next step in the task.

So now, let's find out about those famous discoveries and those famous discoverers.

First of all, Mary Anning.

Mary Anning discovered the first ichthyosaur fossil, which was a type of dinosaur that lived in the sea.

Dr.

Nengo, his team discovered a very rare ape skull fossil.

And Dr.

Meemann Chang, she's very interested in fish fossils, and discovered some that people had never seen before.

So, can you match the fossils below with their famous palaeontologists? Good luck.

Pause the video now.

So, Dr.

Chang is interested in fish fossils, and this fossil has fins and a fish shaped tail.

Did you notice? Fossil two is Mary Anning's discovery of an ichthyosaur.

This fossil has large fins, and it could be used to propel it through the water to hunt prey, and it's also got a big mouth to eat the prey with.

And fossil three, that's Dr.

Nengo's team.

They discovered an ape skull.

This fossil reminds me of my skull.

Can you see its eye sockets and its large forehead? Let's move on to the next step in our lesson, other ways fossils are formed.

A palaeontologist has found this.

What do you think it is? Pause the video now and talk to your partner.

This type of fossil has been formed when a sticky tree resin hardens into amber, with a living thing like an ant or a leaf trapped inside.

These kind of fossils allow us to see exactly what the living thing looked like when it was alive.

Can you see what type of animal has been trapped inside? Yeah, it's a spider.

A spider has been trapped inside the amber fossil.

Andeep made a model to help him understand how amber fossils are formed.

He needed an adult to help him.

He melted some orange wax to represent the sticky tree resin.

He put a pompom into the wax to represent a living thing trapped by the tree resin.

He left the model to harden to represent the many years it took to form the amber fossil.

Which of these fossils is made from hardened tree resin? Is it A, an amber fossil, B, an imprint fossil shell, or C, shark tooth fossils? Like my one that I showed you earlier.

Take a moment to make your own mind up.

What do you think? That's right, A, the amber fossil was made from hardened tree resin.

Some fossils are formed by minerals found in the earth.

Do you know what minerals are? Just give you a moment to talk about that.

You can pause the video if you want to.

You may have eaten a mineral, salt.

You may have played in a mineral, sand.

You may have made a model from a mineral, clay.

Minerals are quarried, they're dug up from the earth, and they're useful to humans.

Diamonds, copper, gold, and iron, they're all types of minerals too.

Now I'd like you to fill in the gap.

I'll read you a sentence, you tell me what's the missing word.

Some fossils are formed by something found in the earth.

So is that something soil? That's A.

Is it plastics? That's B.

Or is it C, minerals? What do you think? That's it.

Some fossils are formed by minerals found in the earth.

Well done.

Now, I know minerals come from the earth.

I'd like to know how they help fossils to form.

Do you have any ideas? Pause the video now.

Yes, let's find out how minerals help fossils to form.

Fossils are usually formed from the hard parts, such as shells or bones of living things.

A squid-like belemnite, which lived millions of years ago, swimming in the sea.

The belemnite dies and its flesh is eaten and decays.

This leaves only the hard part, such as the skeleton.

This too may decay over time.

Over thousands of years, layers of sediment and minerals are deposited on top of the remains.

The sediment fills in the spaces of the bones to form a mineral cement, and as the pressure from all the layers presses down, it becomes hard rock.

Over millions of years, the sea dries up, and the rock may become a cliff on the shoreline.

Here, you can see a belemnite fossil in the rock.

Weathering and erosion causes the rock to fall onto the beach, where the fossil is discovered by a fossil hunter who breaks open the rock to find a fossilised belemnite.

Sometimes you can find a belemnite among the shingle on the beach at Charmouth in Lyme Regis, for instance, in Dorset.

So here are some that I found.

This one doesn't look very much at all, but this one takes on much more of the bullet shape of the belemnite.

And this one is even bigger.

And you can find these just lying on the beach.

Other ways fossils are formed.

These images of a belemnite becoming a fossil are in the wrong order.

What order should they go in? Pause the video and have a think about that.

Oh, I wonder what you thought.

Well, this should be first, the belemnite swimming.

Now we see the remains of the belemnite after it's died.

And now layers of sediment landing on top.

And lastly, ah, the belemnite fossil ready to be found.

Over thousands of years, these rocks containing fossils come to the surface through weathering and erosion, and can be found by palaeontologists.

Plant stem fossils, animal ammonite fossil.

The mineral cement has taken on the shape of the living things to form a fossil.

"Wow," says Andeep.

"It can take millions of years for a fossil to form.

I'm not sure how to remember how this type of fossil is formed." "I have an idea," says Jacob, "of what we could do to help us." What do you think Jacob's idea is to help understand how these types of fossils formed? Pause the video now and talk to your partner.

See if you can come up with a great idea.

"We could make a model," says Jacob.

Why did Jacob think it was a good idea to make a model of how fossils can be formed? Well, here are some reasons.

A, Jacob didn't want to do any writing about how fossils are formed.

B, Jacob likes making things to show how fossils are formed.

Or C, models help Jacob understand things he cannot experience for himself.

Have a think about which one of those you think is correct.

Yes, it's C, models help Jacob understand things he cannot experience for himself.

You're gonna make a model to help you understand how some fossils are formed when sediment and minerals fill the hard parts of living things that have died.

You will need the "How to make a fossil model" worksheet.

You'll also need the equipment on the worksheet.

You can see it in the picture here.

Take photos or use the photos on the worksheet to explain which part of the model represents each part of the fossil process.

I bet you're really keen to have a go, so you can do that now.

We can pause the video, and in a moment after we've paused, I'll talk you through all the processes and how the model represents them.

So, enjoy making your models.

Off you go.

Pause the video now.

Super work.

Let's have a look at those processes.

So, playdough, that's the seabed.

The blue colouring and water is the sea.

The candy floss is flesh on the bones of the animal.

The animal swimming in the sea.

Now the animal's decaying on the seabed.

The black colouring is small sediment.

The paper towel is layers of sediment building up.

The layers of sediment begin to harden into rock.

The dog bone has become fossilised as it's filled up with sediment and minerals.

So, now it's time for us to think about all the things that we've been learning about fossil formation.

So palaeontology we've learned is the study of fossils.

Some fossils are formed when tree resin hardens into amber with living things trapped inside.

Some fossils are formed when sediment and minerals fill the space in rock left by a living thing.

Models can be used to show how fossils are formed in different ways.

Well, I really hope that you've enjoyed today's lesson, I'm sure you have.

And well done for your excellent model making.

Goodbye.