Hello, my name is Mrs. Mehrin and I'm so excited to be learning all about comparing toothpaste with you.

Welcome to today's lesson from the unit, "Introduction to the Human Digestive System." Your lesson outcome today is I can describe the function of toothpaste and compare different ingredients used to make it.

Now I know that learning can sometimes be a little bit challenging, but that's okay because it means that we are going to work really hard together and we are going to learn lots of fabulous and new things.

So here are your five keywords for today's lesson.

Now I am going to be referring to these words throughout today's lesson, so you don't need to jot them down.

However, if you feel that it does help you to have them written down, you can pause the video now and have a go at doing that.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

And here are the key word definitions.

So again, I'm going to be referring to these definitions throughout today's lesson.

However, if it helps you to jot them down, you can do so by pausing the video now.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So your lesson today is split into two parts.

Let's begin with the first part, the function of toothpaste.

So these children have different ideas about the function of toothpaste.

Let's see what they are.

Sam says, "Toothpaste kills all the gems in your mouth." Alex says, "Toothpaste helps to strengthen tooth enamel and remove stains." Izzy says, "Toothpaste removes sugar from your teeth." And Jun says, "Toothpaste makes your breath fresh." Now, who do you agree with? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

Now, I'm not going to share any of the answers with you yet because we are going to be learning more about it throughout today's lesson.

So toothpaste is a key part of your daily hygiene routine, and one of the main functions of toothpaste is to help remove food and plaque from your teeth and gums. Toothpaste also helps to strengthen tooth enamel and keep your breath fresh.

Now, what other things can you do to help look after your teeth and gums? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fabulous.

Well done.

So another thing that you can do is to floss after every time that you've brushed your teeth and also to use mouthwash.

Now, true or false? Toothpaste removes all food and plaque from your teeth and gums. Is that true or false? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

The answer is false.

Now, is it because toothpaste is only used to make your breath smell fresh or toothpaste helps to remove food and plaque from your teeth and gums, but may not remove all of it? Which one do you think it is? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

The answer is B.

Now removing food and plaque helps to reduce tooth decay.

Now, do you think people who lived 1,500 years ago had more tooth decay than people who live today? What do you think? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So Jacob says that he learned in history that people who lived over a thousand years ago in the Middle Ages had less tooth decay than we do now.

Now, why do you think that might be? Why do you think people a thousand years ago or who lived over a thousand years ago had less tooth decay than we do now? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So diet and lifestyle choices can affect tooth health.

So, tobacco is a plant that can be dried and used in cigarettes, and it was brought from overseas to the UK in 1492.

So it wasn't widely available for people to smoke in the Middle Ages.

And smoking can cause more plaque and staining on teeth, and people who smoke may be more likely to develop gum disease.

And most people's diet in the middle ages consisted of rough food, like hard bread and cereals that may have helped to remove food and plaque as they ate.

Now hundreds of years ago, food with sugar added was a luxury that only rich people could afford.

So most people couldn't afford sugar, so therefore their teeth were healthier because the more sugar that you have, the worse your teeth condition is going to be.

Now today, much of our food and drink has sugar added to it, and this can lead to tooth decay.

So just in this picture here, we can see that ketchup, a lot of sauces, for example, have a lot of sugar in them.

Now let's do a quick check-in of your learning.

Which of these lifestyle choices are bad for your teeth? A, cleaning your teeth at least twice a day.

B, smoking cigarettes.

C, eating food with less sugar content.

Or D, eating foods that have a high sugar content.

So which one of these is bad for your teeth? Now there may be more than one answer.

I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

The answers are B and D.

Now, even without sugary food, scientists from the past developed toothbrushes to reduce tooth decay.

So how might humans have used these things to keep their teeth clean? So you've got an Islamic traditional toothbrush.

This is called a Miswak.

Leaf.

So how might humans have used these things to keep their teeth clean? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So they would rub their teeth with rough objects like these and materials to remove bits of food and plaque.

So things like the Islamic traditional toothbrush or the Miswak, this is still used today as well.

Now William Addis designed the more modern toothbrush in England around 1780 whilst he was in prison.

He used an animal bone for the handle from a meal that he had eaten.

And for the brush, he used hair from a pig that the guards gave him.

He tied this in little tufts and stuck them onto the handle with glue.

Now, years later, William Addis started to manufacture toothbrushes in a factory, and this company still exists today in William's family.

You may have used one of its toothbrushes to clean your teeth.

And so here we have a modern toothbrush.

The handle is now made from plastic or sometimes wood, but we wouldn't use animal bones like William Addis did.

And the brush is now made of a material called nylon.

So, let's have a look at this question.

It says, which of these materials have scientists used in the past? Which of these materials have scientists in the past used to develop toothbrushes to reduce tooth decay? Is it A, glass for the handle? B, animal hair for the brush? C, animal bone for the handle, or D string for the brush? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

The answers are B, animal hair for the brush and C, animal bone for the handle.

So before scientists developed toothpaste, people would use abrasive materials to rub food and plaque from their teeth.

So, something rough.

Now, using rough abrasive materials meant that they also scraped enamel away, which made the teeth weaker.

Now around 500 years ago, some wealthy people used sugar to remove stains from their teeth.

Now you know a little bit about what sugar does to your teeth, so what problems do you think that would have caused? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So, as we know, sugar is really bad for our teeth and can cause cavities.

So if they were using sugar to remove stains from their teeth, were actually doing more harm than good.

Now, as tooth decay became more common, scientists began to develop toothpaste.

The first toothpaste was a powder that contained soap to clean any food from teeth.

That might have been quite horrible tasting.

Chalk to remove stains and make the powder thicker to stay on the brush.

Now, which everyday ingredients could you suggest to clean and remove plaque and food from teeth and gums? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

Let's find out a little bit more about it.

So the first toothpaste, as we know it now, was developed in 1873 by a company called Colgate, which you may be familiar with.

Now today, the scientists at Colgate have developed a toothpaste that has many functions.

So you can get toothpaste that reduce tooth decay, clean away plaque, food, and stains.

They protect the enamel from baking down.

Looks, it tastes and smells nice, unlike the soap bars that they they were using in the past.

And it stays on the toothbrush without falling off, without the use of chalk.

Now, what do you think, have you ever used Colgate toothpaste to brush your teeth? I'll give you five seconds to have a little think about whether or not you've ever used Colgate before.

Fantastic.

Well done.

I know I have used Colgate and I use Colgate quite regularly because it's probably one of the most popular brands in the UK for toothpaste.

Now, scientists continue to improve the function of toothpaste to help reduce tooth decay.

They research new materials for making products, survey people to find out which taste, smell, and colour toothpaste they like best.

And they carry out tests to compare, evaluate, and improve toothpaste recipes.

So let's do a quick check-in of your learning.

It says, which of these have scientists used in the past to develop toothpaste? Would it be A, chalk, B, soap, or C, chocolate? So remember there could be more than one answer here.

I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So chalk and soap.

Now here is your first task.

It says work like a scientist to compare how well different toothpaste perform the function of removing food and plaque from teeth.

Use the three samples of mystery toothpaste provided.

So you are going to use a white ceramic tile to represent the surface enamel of a tooth.

You are going to draw on the tile with a marker pen to represent food and plaque.

And you are going to use an old toothbrush to brush each stain 20 times with the same pressure to compare each toothpaste in a fair way.

So, I'd like you to pause the video now and have a go at this activity.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So here, this person says, I made three identical stains using a marker pen on ceramic tile.

I brushed each stain 20 times, with each of the three toothpastes using a circular motion and the same pressure to compare it in a fair way.

So now what you're going to do is use your results to place the toothpaste tubes in order from least effective to most effective, and then reveal the labels on the toothpaste.

I want you to write a sentence to explain which type you think is best at performing the function of removing food and plaque from teeth.

So again, I'd like you to pause the video here and have a go at that activity.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So this person said, I use my results to place the toothpaste tubes in order from least effective to most effective.

So number two, they said were least effective.

Number one was in the middle, and the third one was the most effective.

I discovered that toothpaste three that performed the best was a stain-removing toothpaste, and that helped to clean and whiten the tooth tile.

So we are now on to the second part of our learning today, ingredients in toothpaste.

So Izzy and Jacob are talking about ingredients in toothpaste.

Izzy says, "Toothpaste performs different functions.

So I wonder if it's made of different ingredients to do different jobs." Jacob says, "I think that toothpaste is made of just one ingredient, so it can be easily squeezed outta the tube and onto the toothbrush.

What do you think? Who do you think you agree with? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fabulous.

Well done.

So toothpaste contains different ingredients to support healthy teeth and gums. So Izzy was correct.

And Izzy says, "I'm sure that toothpaste no longer contains soot or soap." I would hope not.

"I wonder what the different ingredients are that are used in toothpaste today." Now, what ingredients do you think are in a toothpaste? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So true or false? Toothpaste is made from only one ingredient.

Is that true or false? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

The answer is false.

Now let's see if you can justify your answer.

A, toothpaste is made from different ingredients, or B, toothpaste is made from two ingredients, tooth and paste.

I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fabulous.

Well done.

It is A, toothpaste is made from different ingredients.

So fluoride is often a main ingredient in toothpaste.

We use our teeth every day, so they need to be hard wearing and last a long time.

Fluoride is added to toothpaste to help strengthen tooth enamel and prevent tooth decay.

Too much fluoride can be harmful if swallowed, so children's toothpaste contains less fluoride.

Now other ingredients added to toothpaste include flavouring and colouring.

Mint and aniseed are flavours often added to adult toothpaste as they help to keep breath fresh.

I want you to think now what flavour is your toothpaste? You might need to run and have a quick look.

So if you do need to do that, you can pause the video here.

But if you know, I'll give you five seconds.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So mine is a minty flavour.

Now John says, "My toothpaste is strawberry flavoured." Now, different flavours and colours can encourage younger children to clean their teeth.

Andeep says, "My toothpaste makes frothy bubbles in my mouth, I wonder why?" What, why do you think Andeeps's toothpaste may make frothy bubbles? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fabulous.

Well done.

So toothpaste has a cleaning ingredient that cleans your teeth, almost like washing up liquid, but it's not washing up liquid.

It helps wash out bits of food and germs and helps to bind all the toothpaste ingredients together.

So Sophia says, "My uncle smokes.

So his teeth go very yellow.

I wonder if there is an ingredient that helps remove stains from teeth." Now, toothpaste contains an abrasive ingredients like a rough ingredient to help remove food and plaque from teeth.

This also gently rubs away stains that can build up from coloured food, drinks and smoking cigarettes.

Some toothpastes contain an ingredient suitable for teeth called a stain remover.

Now, which of these ingredients would a toothpaste need to support healthy teeth and gums? Would it be A, an abrasive ingredient, B, fluoride, C, a cleaning ingredient, or D, a flavouring ingredient? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fabulous.

Well done.

The answer is all of them.

So if toothpaste is too runny, it will fall off your toothbrush before it gets to your mouth.

And if it's too thick, you won't be able to squeeze it out of the toothpaste tube.

So toothpaste contains a thickening ingredient that it forms a thicker paste, stays on the toothbrush, and can easily be brushed onto our teeth.

Now scientists test different ingredients in toothpaste to compare how effective they are.

And Jun says, "I would like to find out which toothpaste has the best thickening ingredient so that it doesn't fall off my toothbrush." Now how do you think Jun could find that out? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So Jun's friends have some ideas.

Izzy says, "You could add an amount of toothpaste to a toothbrush and then hold the brush upside down and time how long it takes for the first piece of toothpaste to fall off." Jacob says, "You could count how many shakes it takes for a toothpaste to fall off a toothbrush." Do you have any other ideas? What else could Jun do? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So Jun would like to test other ingredients in toothpaste to compare how effective they are.

And Jun says, "I would like to find out which toothpaste has the best ingredients for colouring and flavouring, so they look and smell attractive." What might Jun do to find out? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So Jacob says, "You should not eat toothpaste, but you could ask different people which colour and smell of toothpaste they like best.

You could also smell the toothpaste.

Even though you can't taste it, you could smell it." Now, what might scientists do to find out how effective different toothpastes are? A, go to the doctors, B, eat lots of food containing sugar, or C, test different ingredients in toothpaste? I'll give you five seconds to think about your answer.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

The answer is C.

Now, here is your second task for today.

It says, work like a scientist to test different ingredients in toothpaste.

Use three samples of toothpaste provided to answer one, two, or three for all three of these questions.

Which toothpaste has the best thickening ingredients to stay on the brush? Which toothpaste has the best colouring ingredient to look most attractive? And which toothpaste has the best flavouring ingredient to make breath smell fresh? So I'd like you to pause the video now and have a go at doing this activity.

Off you go.

Fantastic.

Well done.

So this person says, I surveyed 10 of my friends using three different toothpastes.

I discovered the best flavouring ingredient was toothpaste 2, as it was minty.

I discovered the best colouring ingredient was toothpaste 3, which was a stripey toothpaste as it was most appealing to 8 out of my 10 friends.

And I discovered the toothpaste with the best thickening ingredient was toothpaste 1 as it was thick enough to stay on the brush after being shaken 13 times, but still squeezed outta the tube easily.

So now we are on to the summary of our learning today.

Toothpaste helps to remove food and plaque from your teeth and gums. Different diets and lifestyle choices can affect tooth health.

Scientists from the past developed toothbrushes and toothpaste to reduce tooth decay.

Different toothpastes contains different ingredients to support healthy teeth and gums. Scientists test different ingredients in toothpaste to compare how effective they are.

Well done for your fantastic work today.

I'm so proud of how much effort you have put into this lesson.