Hi, everyone, my name is Miss Panchel and I'm really excited and glad you've decided to join me on this science lesson.

So our lesson today is going to be focusing on extreme weather.

In particular, we're going to be focusing on flooding.

And this lesson is part of our bigger unit of learning on living things and the environment.

Let's get started with our lesson, 'cause we've got lots of learning to do today.

So the outcome for our lesson today is I can explain why more extreme weather leading to flooding can affect environments.

So we're going to be thinking about the link between environments, but also the impact that flooding has on these environments.

So in our lesson today, we're going to be using some keywords, for example, flooding, crop, waterlogged, extreme and climate.

So what I'd like you to do is pause the video here and with your talk partner, I'd like you to practise reading out the definitions to these keywords.

Once you've finished doing that, click play, and then we'll continue the lesson.

Off you go.

Excellent reading, everybody, well done.

So our lesson today is split up into two parts.

We're first going to be looking at the impact of flooding and then we're going to be thinking about why flooding actually happens.

So let's get on with the first part of our lesson today.

So Andeep says, "My aunty is a farmer who lives in Bangladesh and she emailed me this photograph of where she lives." We can see an image of a Bangladesh village there.

Pause the video here and have a think with your talk partner.

Why is the land covered in water? Great ideas, everyone.

So Aunty says, "She says it has been raining a lot over many days and this has caused flooding." But what does flooding mean? So have a think on your own in your head and then share your ideas with your talk partner.

What does flooding mean? So flooding is the covering or submerging of normally dry land with a large amount of water.

Let's do a check of our learning.

What happens to the land when it floods? A, it dries up and the soil cracks, B, it is covered with water but the soil stays dry, C, it is covered with water and the soil becomes very wet.

What do we think is the correct answer? Brilliant, the answer is C.

So when land is flooded, it's covered with water and the soil becomes very wet.

Let's move on.

Andeep says, "My aunty uses the land to grow crops and these are plants that are grown to be sold often as food." And we can see maize crop here.

"I know that plants need water, so will the flooding be good for her crops?" What do you think? So crops are living things and need the right conditions to grow and stay healthy.

So healthy soil has air pockets, which plant roots need to stay healthy.

So those air pockets in the soil help the crops to stay healthy.

Whereas waterlogged soil has too much water in it and the water fills the air pockets.

So in healthy soil where plants and crops can grow really well, there are pockets of air and that air will help the crops to grow.

Whereas when there is flooding, there is waterlogged soil, which means there is way too much water in the soil and on top of the soil, and that means that those air pockets are now filled with water and this is not healthy soil.

When the soil becomes waterlogged after extreme rainfall, the water can fill the air pockets in the soil and block air from getting to the roots of the plant.

Without air, the roots of a plant can turn black and rot and the plant will become damaged and often die.

Flooding can cause farmers to lose all of their crops.

So we can see an example here of rotting roots.

So the farmers can plant on all of their crops, but unfortunately, if there's flooding, all of the soil and the crops are going to be completely ruined.

Let's do a check of our learning.

Floods can cause damage to crops, when cannot get to the roots and they rot.

So is the missing word, A, water, B, soil, or C, air? What's the missing word? Brilliant, the answer is C, air.

So floods can cause damage to crops, when air cannot get to the roots and they rot.

Let's move on.

Jacob says, "Is flooding only happening to farmers in Bangladesh?" Andeep says, "Actually no, my aunty says it can happen in other countries around the world too, where there is extreme weather causing flooding." So there's not just flooding in one or two countries, flooding can happen in lots of different countries where there is extreme weather.

And we can see an example here of a flooded crop field and this can ruin the crop niche yield for lots of farmers all over the world.

Do you think flooding can happen in the UK? Have a think with your talk partner.

So floods affect some parts of the world more than others.

So in the UK, flooding has led to farmers being unable to get crops out of their fields.

This UK farmer says, "My fields have become so waterlogged, I can't even get my tractor onto the land to dig up my potatoes.

They are all just rutting in the ground." So flooding can affect many, many farmers and all of their crops.

So with this farmer here, he can't even dig up his potatoes because he can't even get his tractor onto the land, because it is so waterlogged.

So flooding can impact things in lots of different ways.

These crops grown in other countries can be damaged by flooding as well.

For example, rice in China, corn in the United States, coffee in India and soybeans in Brazil.

So all of these things and crops may be then exported at different countries, but if they've been ruined by flooding, they may not be able to do that.

Let's do a check of our learning.

Andeep says, "All countries in the world have floods when it rains." Jacob says, "Floods affect some parts of the world more than others." Who do you think is right, Andeep or Jacob? Great, Jacob is actually correct.

So floods affect some parts of the world more than others.

Right, let's move on to this task.

I would like you to read the news report that's attached to this lesson about flooding and then I would like you to answer the following questions.

So question one says, "Which countries are experiencing flooding caused by extreme weather events?" Number two, "How are their crops being affected?" Number three, "Make a list of all the crops that have been affected by flooding." And four, "Do some research or use the news report to find out which crops have been affected by floods in the UK." So pause the video here and use the article attached to this lesson to answer these questions.

Click play when you're ready to continue and we'll go through the answers.

Off you go.

Brilliant reading and answering of the questions, everybody, well done.

So let's go through the answers.

So for number one, India, the United States, China and Brazil experience flooding caused by extreme weather events.

Number two, crops are affected by the large amount of rain, which is flooding the fields, rotting the crops and reducing the amount farmers can grow.

Number three, the different crops affected are corn, soybeans, rice, wheat and coffee.

And number four, in the UK, potato crops rot in the ground or when fields are waterlogged and the farmers cannot access the fields to dig them up.

A fantastic job, everybody answering these questions.

Well done.

So we've finished the first part of our lesson where we've been looking at the impact of flooding, and so we're now going to be learning about why flooding actually happens.

Jacob says, "I heard on a television news report that flooding is happening more often in some places across the world." What do you think? Are they happening more across the world or why do you think it's happening? Have a think with your talk partner.

Great ideas.

Andeep says, "Yes, my aunty said that her land has flooded more times in recent years.

I wonder why that is happening.

Is there more rain now than in the past?" So have a little think, do you think there's more rain now than there was maybe a few years ago? What do you think? Brilliant, so scientists have some evidence that the Earth's climate has changed and this has made the weather in some places become more extreme.

So we can definitely see in our country, in the United Kingdom, that actually we're getting more extreme weathers.

So our summers are getting much hotter and our winters are getting much colder and there is definitely more rain.

This means that flooding might happen more often now than in the past due to heavier rainfall.

We can see an image here of extreme rainfall.

So very, very hard, heavy, and harsh rain can cause flooding.

Andeep says, "I heard a news report that said that Earth's climate is changing.

Is climate another word for weather?" What do you think, are climate and weather the same thing, or are they different words and do they have different meanings? So Jacob says, "Weather is what happens outside each day.

It can be sunny, rainy, windy or snowy.

It changes from day to day and even hour to hour.

The climate of a place is its weather patterns over a long period of time.

Scientists monitor climate by measuring average temperatures as well as how wet or dry a place is over many years." So let's go over this, weather is day to day, what it is like outside today, what is it going to be like outside tomorrow? Whereas the climate of a place, a country, a part of the world is the weather pattern over a long period of time, and this is often measured by scientists.

So that's the difference between weather and climate.

Let's move on.

So here we've got some data collected by scientists and that shows that the average air temperature is getting warmer in many countries.

So we can see we've got different countries, United Kingdom, India, United States, and China.

So we can see the average air temperature increase over the last 100 years.

So in United Kingdom and India, it's increased by one degree Celsius, in the United States, it's increased by 1.

2 degrees Celsius, and in China, it's increased by 1.

5 degrees Celsius.

So in the different countries here that have been selected, we can see that the average air temperature has actually increased over the last 100 years.

This is happening because the air all around our planet is slowly warming up.

Let's do a check of our learning.

Scientists explained that A, the air around Earth is cooling down, B, the air around Earth is warming up, or C, the air around Earth has not changed temperature for many years.

Which one do we think is the correct answer? Brilliant, the answer is B, so scientists explain that the air around Earth is warming up.

Let's move on.

So Andeep says, "If Earth's climate is getting warmer, surely it is getting drier.

I don't understand why it rains more." We've got a pot of water here.

Andeep's uncle helps her to explain and understand this.

So Andeep's uncle says, "Imagine Earth is like a big pot of liquid water.

When you heat it, the liquid changes to gas and rises into the air as water vapour.

This is similar to what happens to liquid water on Earth: when air temperatures increase, water evaporates more quickly.

So this is Andeep's uncle here and he's helped us to understand how the Earth's climate is getting warmer and that's why we have got more rainfall.

Let's move on.

So water is always evaporating, changing from liquid to gas state, from Earth's surface and from seas and oceans.

So we can see liquid water evaporates from the Earth's surface.

As the climate changes and the Earth warms up, more water evaporates and goes into the air as water vapour.

So as our Earth is getting warmer, more water evaporates and goes into the air as water vapour.

This water vapour eventually cools and condenses, falling to Earth as rain, snow, hail or sleet.

Andeep says, "So the air all around our planet is warming up and the warmer air can hold more water in the gas state as water vapour." Andeep's uncle says, "Yes, it is this extra water in the air that falls to Earth and can cause flooding.

Because of this, we might expect more extreme amounts of rainfall and therefore more instances of flooding." Let's do a check of our learning.

The air all around our planet is warming up and warm air can hold more A, birds, B, water, or C, wind.

Which do we think is the correct answer? Great, the answer is B, water, the air all around our planet is warming up and warmer air can hold more water.

Let's do another check of our learning.

True or false, as the climate slowly warms up, we might experience less flooding.

Do we think this is true or false? Brilliant, the answer is false.

Now we need to think about explaining why and justifying our answer.

Is it because A, we might experience more flooding as warm air holds more rain, or B, we might experience more flooding as it always rains on hot days? Which do we think is the correct answer, A or B? Brilliant, the answer is A, so we might experience more flooding as warm air holds more rain.

Right, let's move on to the next task.

So I would like you to calculate the increase in average rainfall for each country.

So let's have a look at this table.

So we have three different countries, United Kingdom, Brazil, and India.

And we've got the average rainfall in millimetres in two different years, in 1989 and 2019.

So for the United Kingdom, the average rainfall in millimetres in 1989 was 1,210, whereas in 2019, it was 1,215 millimetres.

In Brazil in 1989, the average rainfall was 1,750 millimetres, whereas in 2019, the average rainfall was 1,755 millimetres.

And in India in 1989, the average rainfall was 1,070 millimetres, whereas in 2019, the average rainfall was 1,080 millimetres.

So what I'd like you to do is calculate the increase in the average rainfall for each of these countries.

So pause the video here, have a go, make sure you do your working out on the whiteboard or a piece of paper and then click play when you're ready to continue and then we'll go through the answers.

Excellent work, everybody, well done.

I can see you've done some beautiful working out as well, which is great.

So the increase for United Kingdom was five millimetres, the increase for Brazil was also five millimetres, and for India, the increase was 10 millimetres.

So out of these three countries, India had the biggest increase in average rainfall.

Let's move on to the next part of the task.

So I would like you to use this data and explain the link between the increase in rainfall and temperature.

So we've got United Kingdom, Brazil, and India.

We've got the increase in average rainfall between 1989 and 2019, but we've also got the increased temperature in the last 100 years.

So pause the video here and have a go at explaining the link.

Now if you need to, go back over the last few slides of our learning to recap on the learning before you have a go at the task.

Off you go and click play when you're ready to continue and we'll go through an example answer.

Brilliant work, everybody, well done.

So in these countries, there has been an increase in the rainfall and in temperature.

This is likely to be because as air warms up, liquid water evaporates to form water vapour.

When there is more water vapour in the air, we can expect more rainfall.

So a huge well done for completing that task, everyone.

So we've come towards the end of our lesson, so we're going to do a summary of our learning.

Flooding is the covering or submerging of normally dry land with a large amount of water.

Floods can cause damage to crops, when air cannot get to the roots and they rot.

Floods affect some parts of the world more than others, and the air all around our planet is warming up and the warmer air can hold more water.

The extra water in the air falls as extra rain and can cause flooding.

Now I'm so impressed with all of your learning today.

You've come up with some fantastic ideas and you've worked really hard with your talk partners as well.

Have a great rest of the day and I'm sure I will see you really soon in the next lesson.

Bye-bye.