Hi, everyone.

It's Ms. Panchal here.

I'm so glad you decided to join me on our next science lesson.

So our lesson today is going to be learning all about what life expectancy is.

Now, this is part of our bigger unit of learning all about human development.

We've got lots to do today, so let's get started.

So the outcome for our lesson today is I can research and compare life expectancy over time.

So we're going to talk through some keywords now.

So life expectancy, average, research, and line graph.

So some of these words you may have heard of before and actually you may have used some of these words in some of your other lessons as well, but don't worry too much 'cause we're going to talk through all of these words in today's lesson.

I'm going to just put up the definitions now.

So what I'd like you to do is pause the video here and take in turns with your partner to read out each definition aloud.

Once you've read out the definitions, I want you to click play and continue with the lesson.

Off you go.

Well done for that reading, everyone.

So our lesson today is split up into three sections.

We've got factors that impact life expectancy, researching life expectancy, and representing data about life expectancy.

So quite a lot of learning to do today.

So let's get started.

So life expectancy is the measure of how long a person may live.

Do you have any questions about life expectancy? So Aisha says, is it the same for everyone? Izzy says, what is my life expectancy? Sam says, what things can affect life expectancy? And Alex says, will I live to be 100 years old? Have a think with your talk partner.

Do you also have any questions about life expectancy? Maybe you can jot them down.

Great job and hopefully we'll be able to answer some of these questions in today's lesson.

So life expectancy is calculated by scientists who look at data about how long people live.

They use this to find an average, which we can use as a general guideline for how long humans can expect to live.

It is not exact and most people will live for more or less time, not exactly the same as the average.

So the average is kind of like a general idea, but there will be people that live longer and there'll also be people that live less years as well.

So life expectancy is different in different places across the world, and there are lots of factors that can have an impact on its length.

What do you think these could be? So there are different factors that influence how long somebody will live.

Have a think in your small groups.

So maybe jot down some ideas on a whiteboard.

What do you think these different factors might be? Off you go.

Great job.

Well done, everyone.

So whether someone is male or female can have an impact on their life expectancy.

Generally, life expectancy for women is around 5% higher than for men.

And in the UK, life expectancy is currently around 79 years old for men and 83 years old for women.

But remember, these are just general statistics and general ideas, not necessarily the case for every single person.

Let's do a check of our learning.

Which of these statements about life expectancy is true? A, it is the same for everyone.

B, it is generally longer for men than for women.

Or C, it is affected by lots of different factors.

So which of these statements about life expectancy is true? Have a think.

Great job.

The answer is C.

It is affected by lots of different factors and we're going to think about some of those factors today.

Diet can also have an impact on life expectancy.

So people who have healthier, balanced diets tend to have longer life expectancy than those with unhealthy or unbalanced diets.

This is partly because a healthy diet can help to protect against some diseases.

How active someone is can also have an impact on their life expectancy.

People who are more physically active usually have a greater life expectancy than people who move less.

So it's really important to eat well but also stay really active.

Just like having a healthy diet, being physically active can help to prevent certain diseases, but also with physical activity and eating healthily, it can really help you mentally as well.

Let's do another check of our learning.

Which of these is not a factor that can impact life expectancy? A, how active someone is.

B, the colour of someone's hair.

C, how healthy someone's diet is.

D, whether a person is male or female.

What do you think? Great job.

So the colour of someone's hair would not be a factor that impacts someone's life expectancy, but the other suggestions on the screen here would.

So let's move on.

The environment or area that a person lives can also have an impact on their life expectancy.

What aspects of someone's environment do you think will have an impact on their life expectancy? So have a look at those different images at the bottom there of different types of environments.

Have a think with your talk partner.

Which aspects of someone's environment do you think will have an impact on their life expectancy? And will it be a positive impact or will it be a negative impact? Have a think with your talk partner.

Great job, everyone.

So pollution has a negative impact on life expectancy.

This means that people living in areas with lots of pollution are likely to have a shorter life expectancy than people who don't.

Another environmental factor is access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare.

Life expectancy is lower for people who have little or no access to these things in their environment.

So let's do another check of our learning.

For each statement, say whether this would increase or decrease average life expectancy.

A, living in an area with very little pollution.

B, having clean running water in your home.

Or C, never being able to see a doctor.

Pause the video here if you need to go back over the last few slides again.

For each statement, say whether it would increase or decrease your average life expectancy.

We'll talk through the answers really soon.

Off you go.

Super job.

So A, living in an area with very little pollution would increase your life expectancy.

Having clean running water in your home would increase your life expectancy.

And never being able to see a doctor would decrease your life expectancy.

Good job, everyone.

So we're going to move on to the first task now.

So what I would like you to do is write a sentence explaining the impact each of these factors has on life expectancy.

So we've got number one here, whether a person is male or female.

Number two, diet.

So what they eat.

Number three, amount of physical activity.

And number four, environment.

So maybe you can have these as four different subheadings and I want you to write a sentence or two explaining the impact each of the factors has on life expectancy.

If you need to, go back into the video earlier and look over these slides again just to make sure you have a good understanding before you complete the task.

Off you go and we'll go through the answers really soon.

Great job, everyone.

Well done.

So let's go through some examples.

So you may have sentences like this or some that are slightly different.

So the first statement was whether a person is male or female.

So women tend to have a longer average life expectancy than men.

Number two was diet.

People with healthy, balanced diets usually have a longer average life expectancy than people who don't.

C, amount of physical activity.

People who are more active usually have a longer average life expectancy than people who are less active.

And number four, environment.

A polluted environment can lower average life expectancy.

People with little or no access to clean water and healthcare usually have a lower average life expectancy.

Now, were your sentences similar or were they a little bit different? Maybe you can compare your work with your partner.

Well done, everyone, for completing this task.

I know we've covered quite a lot of learning already in the lesson and you're doing such a great job.

Well done.

So we're now going to move on to the second part of our lesson today.

So we're going to be thinking about researching life expectancy.

Now, think about all the factors we have learned about that have an impact on life expectancy.

How do you think life expectancy was different 100 years ago? So Andeep is having a think about this question.

What do you think? What do you think life expectancy was like 100 years ago? Do you think it was more than what it is now or less than what it is now? How about a thousand years ago? These children are at school in 1925, so there were fewer cars on the road than there are now, but still lots of pollution from factories.

There were no vaccinations against diseases like whooping cough or mumps and it cost a lot of money to see a doctor.

So how do you think their life expectancy was different to ours? So have a look at the information here.

We know there were fewer cars, so less fumes from cars, but actually there was lots of pollution from factories.

There were no vaccinations against diseases, so people were getting unwell a lot more often.

And also it cost a lot of money to see a doctor.

Therefore, lots of people weren't able to afford to go to the doctor if they were unwell.

So how do you think this affected their life expectancy? Do you think it was similar to what ours is now or do you think it would be different? What do you think? Great job.

So life expectancy at this time was around 56 years old, so definitely a lot lower than it is today.

Let's have a check of our learning.

Which of these is a factor that contributed to a shorter average life expectancy in 1925 compared to 2024? Is it A, less access to healthcare, B, better diets, or C, more active lifestyles? What do you think? Great job.

The answer is A, less access to healthcare.

So this man lived in Rome in around 100 CE.

He was poor, so his home did not have clean running water.

His diet was mainly bread and porridge with a very small amount of meat and vegetables.

There were no cars or factories creating pollution at this time.

How do you think his life expectancy was different to ours? So similar to the last example, think about all the different pieces of information we've just been given about this man who lived in Rome.

How do you think this impacted his life expectancy? Do you think it's similar to ours or quite different? What do you think? Great job.

It was very different to ours.

So scientists estimate that life expectancy at this time was around 25 years old.

So a lot less and a lot lower than it is today.

Let's do another quick check of our learning.

True or false? There was no pollution from cars or factories in 150 CE, so average life expectancy was probably longer than it is now.

What do you think? Great.

The answer is actually false.

Well done.

So we now need to think about justifying our answer.

Do we think it's false because, A, pollution has no impact on life expectancy, or B, lots of factors affect a life expectancy, not just pollution? Which one do you think is correct? A or B? Great.

The answer is B.

So we know that there are lots of different factors that affect life expectancy and that's what we've been looking at in today's lesson.

Yes, pollution is one factor, but actually there's lots of different factors that affect someone's life expectancy.

Good job.

So this is a tribe of hunter-gatherers in around 5000 BCE.

There were no cars or factories creating pollution at this time, and they drank water from rivers and lakes.

Their diet included meat from animals they hunted, fish, and plants that they gathered such as apples and berries.

How do you think their life expectancy was different to ours? So take into consideration the different bits of information we've been given here.

How do you think their life expectancy compares to ours today? Good job.

So scientists estimate that life expectancy at this time was around 20 to 25 years old, so considerably different to ours today, and their lifestyle, how they lived, what they ate, everything was very, very different to how our lives are today.

Generally, life in the past was harder than it is now, meaning average life expectancy was shorter.

There are lots of differences across different time periods and places in the world.

This means we need to carry out research using secondary sources to find out exactly what life expectancy may have been at certain times.

So let's do a check of our learning.

How can we find out about life expectancy in different places and at different times? A, by carrying out research using secondary sources, B, by planning a fair test, or C, by carrying out a survey.

Which one do you think is correct, A, B, or C? Super job.

The answer is A.

Well done, everyone.

So we can use research and secondary sources to help us find out about life expectancy in different places and at different times.

So we're going to move on to this task now.

So Jacob has found three secondary sources about life at different time periods.

Use the information he has found to research life expectancy at different times in history and complete the table.

So if you'd like to, draw out this table or you can print out the table.

And I'm going to read some information to you now and I'd like you to try and complete the table as best you can using the information on the slides.

You can either listen to me read the information, or you can pause the video and read the information yourself, or maybe you can take in turns reading the sentences with your partner.

You choose whichever way you would like to do it.

We will go through the answers that should be in the table a little bit later on in the lesson.

So this is the first part of information.

How did life expectancy change from 1700 to 1800? Towards the beginning of the 18th century, many families lived in small houses with only one or two rooms. Most of these homes did not have clean running water and a bath was a rare occasion.

Because of these unhygienic conditions, disease was common, and many people died before they even reached childhood.

Life expectancy at this time was only around 37 years, much younger than the 77 years that could be expected in modern times at the start of the 21st century.

So this is one of the sources of information that Jacob found.

So can you use some of the information on this slide to help you fill out the table? Let's move on to the next bit of information.

By 1750, average life expectancy had risen to around 38 years, thanks to more people moving to cities and getting better access to clean water and healthcare.

But life was still very hard for many.

In 1800, the life expectancy had increased again as advances in medicine were helping people to survive diseases and live longer, and was now around 39 years.

Life in the Victorian times.

Life was much harder for people in the Victorian times than it is now, but things were definitely improving.

Laws brought in from the 1830s onwards limited the hours women and children were allowed to work hard jobs in factories and mines, reducing the number of deaths caused in these dangerous places.

More people were amassing more wealth, meaning living standards were improving for many.

As a result of this, by 1850, the average life expectancy in the UK had increased to around 40 years.

What was life like in 1950? In 1950, people in the UK were still feeling the after-effects of the recent World War II, with rationing still in place and the average weekly wage only 10 pounds.

People still managed to eat a relatively healthy diet though and most lived in homes with plumbing and electricity.

The recent established NHS was also giving many more people access to healthcare than previously.

There were also very few cars on the road, meaning much less pollution on the streets than we have currently.

Average life expectancy jumped greatly at this time, from just 47 years in 1900 to 68 years in 1950.

So using all the information I've read, I would like you to have a go at filling in that table.

If you need to, go back to earlier in the slides and have a read of the information again to help you complete the task.

We will go through the answers really soon.

Off you go.

Great job.

So Jacob's task was use the information Jacob has found to research life expectancy at different times in history and complete the table.

So here is an example answer.

So in the year 1700, life expectancy was 37 years, in 1750, 38 years, in 1800, 39 years, in 1850, 40 years, in 1900, 47 years, in 1950, 68 years, and in 2000, 77 years.

Great job, everyone.

Well done.

So we're now going to move on to the last part of today's lesson.

So we are going to be thinking about representing data about life expectancy.

So here is the table that we filled out in the earlier task.

What do you notice about the average life expectancy over the time periods that we have researched? What do you notice? Look really carefully at the average life expectancy years.

So Aisha says, I noticed that it was different in each year.

Izzy says, I noticed that it always gets longer.

And Andeep says, I noticed that it doesn't go up by the same amount each time.

Let's have a quick check of our learning.

According to our data, which of these statements about the average life expectancy is incorrect? So you may want to have your table to hand as well, just so you can help to use to answer this question.

A, it changes over time.

B, it increases by the same amount every 50 years.

C, it increased from 1700 to 2000.

And D, it increased very little from 1700 to 1850.

So use your data to help you answer this question.

Super job.

The answer is B, it increases by the same amount every 50 years.

So Jacob would like to represent the data from his research visually so it will be easy to analyse and identify patterns.

But how could he do this? So Izzy says he could draw a picture.

Aisha says he could draw a line graph.

Andeep says he could create a bar graph.

What do you think? Out of Izzy's suggestion, Andeep's suggestion, and Aisha's suggestion, which one do you think would be most appropriate? Super job.

So scientists can represent data in different ways to make it easier to understand and analyse.

So we've got some different examples here and you may have seen these types of examples before.

So we've got a bar chart, we've got a pie chart, and also we've got a line graph.

So line graphs are good for showing how something changes over time.

Jacob decides to represent his data on a line graph.

So let's do a check of our learning.

Why has Jacob chosen to represent his data on a line graph? Is it because A, they are good for showing how things change over time, B, they are easy to draw, or C, they are helpful for finding an average? So why has Jacob chosen to use a line graph? Do we think it's because of reason A, B, or C? Great job.

The answer is A.

They are good for showing how things change over time.

So our next task, I would like you to use your data about life expectancy over time to complete the line graph.

So use the information that we've already collected and I want you to complete this line graph.

So on the X axis we've got the date, and on the Y axis we've got the average life expectancy.

Have a go at plotting your points and then connecting them together.

We'll go through the answer really soon.

Off you go.

Great job, everyone.

So your line graph should look a little bit like this.

So the next task I would like you to do is use your graph to answer these questions.

So question A is what do you estimate average life expectancy to be in 1920? B, how much did life expectancy increase from 1700 to 1900? And C, during which century was the greatest increase in life expectancy? So use your graph to help you answer these questions and we'll go through the answers really soon.

Off you go.

Super job, everyone.

Well done.

So let's go through the answers.

So what do you estimate average life expectancy to be in 1920, which is around 55 years old.

B, how much did life expectancy increase from 1700 to 1900? And that's around 10 years.

And C, during which century was the greatest increase in life expectancy? And it was the 20th century or the 1900s.

Fantastic work, everybody.

Well done.

So we've now come to the end of today's lesson.

So let's do a summary of our learning.

Life expectancy is the measure of how long a person is expected to live and it varies across the world and is impacted by many factors, including diet and environment.

The average life expectancy in the UK is currently around 79 years for men and 83 years for women.

And we can find out about the life expectancy at different times by carrying out research and plotting our findings on a line graph to explore changes over time.

So we've learned lots today about the different factors that impact life expectancy, but we've also gained a better understanding of what life expectancy actually is.

Well done for all of your work today.

You've worked incredibly hard.

We've covered a lot of content in our lesson today, but you've all done such a fantastic job.

Have a great rest of the day and I'm sure I'll see you in the next science lesson really soon.

Bye-bye.