Hello everybody, this is Mr. James, and I hope you're ready to do some science.

Have you got your curiosity switched on? Here we go.

This lesson is from the unit, "Why we group and classify living things" And it's called, "micro-organisms that help us." Our learning intention for today is for you to be able to explain how micro-organisms can be used to improve our health.

So let's get started.

There are some keywords.

I'll say them and you can say them after me if you like, and then we'll have a quick look at what they all mean.

So the first one is antibiotics, bacteria, Alexander Fleming, penicillin, mould.

So take a moment to read the keyword meanings as they come up.

Right, and when you're ready, let's move on.

The lesson will go like this.

We'll start with antibiotics and then we'll move on to learn a little bit about penicillin.

Have you ever had a chest infection? How about an ear infection? If so, you might have been given antibiotics by your doctor to help you recover.

And in the picture here, you can see a doctor checking a patient.

Perhaps some of you have thought about becoming a doctor for a career when you're older.

Antibiotics are a type of medicine that can kill harmful bacteria living inside your body.

There are over 100 different types of antibiotics that can be used to treat different types of illnesses.

They come in lots of different forms, including tablets, liquid medicine, sprays, creams and injections.

Antibiotics only work on illnesses caused by bacteria.

And if you're wondering what bacteria look like, here you can see some on the slides of a microscope.

They can't do anything to treat illnesses caused by viruses like influenza, the flu or chickenpox.

What type of micro-organisms can medicines called antibiotics kill? I'd like you to decide on which you think is the right answer.

You could put your hands up as I read them.

So, what type of micro-organisms can medicines called antibiotics kill? Is it A, bacteria? B, viruses? Or C, fungi? Should we have a look at the right answer? Yes, it's bacteria.

There are billions of bacteria living inside our bodies, many of which are actually helpful.

For example, there are bacteria in our digestive system that help us to digest our food and that kill off some types of harmful bacteria that get into our bodies.

Antibiotics have been carefully developed by scientists to kill the harmful bacteria in our bodies.

You can see a scientist here working on developing some antibiotics.

Right, another set of statements for you to decide which one you think is correct.

You can do that by putting your hands up as I read the statement.

So which of these statements about antibiotics do you think is correct? A, antibiotics kill all of the micro-organisms in our body? B, antibiotics kill all of the bacteria in our body? C, antibiotics kill the harmful bacteria in our body? Or D, antibiotics kill some of the harmful viruses in our body? What did you think? And the answer is C.

Antibiotics kill the harmful bacteria in our body.

Without antibiotics, many common illnesses and infections would have a much bigger impact on humans.

Ear infections could cause you to become deaf without antibiotics.

Some skin and chest infections could cause death if they were left untreated.

Scientists estimate that the use of antibiotics has led to life expectancy increasing by around 20 years on average.

That's quite something.

Over time, some types of bacteria though that they're adapting and they're becoming resistant to antibiotics.

This means antibiotics are becoming less effective at treating some types of infections.

In future, we may not be able to use some antibiotics at all because they no longer kill off the harmful bacteria they're supposed to.

We can all take steps to help prevent bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.

Only take them, only take antibiotics if they've been prescribed to you by a doctor or a pharmacist.

Take the full course of the antibiotics you've been prescribed, even if you start to feel better quickly.

Okay, some questions now to review our learning.

What should we do if we're prescribed antibiotics by a doctor? Let's do it with a double thumbs up when I come to the right answer that you think is the right, what you think is the right answer.

I'll read them through.

So, what should we do if we're prescribed antibiotics by a doctor? A, take them for a week? B, take them until we start to feel better? C, take them until we feel completely better? Or D, take them until they have all been taken? Well, the right answer is D, take the whole course.

Take them until they've all been taken.

And now we come to task A.

Sophia has done some writing about antibiotics.

Can you find and correct the mistakes in her work? Just have a read for yourself for a moment.

Pause the video now.

So now I'm going to read Sophia's work through to you.

And what you can do is when I come to something that you think she needs to change, you can put your writing hand in the air and show that it's time to do some changing.

Here we go.

"Antibiotics are an incredibly useful type of medicine.

They can be used to treat illnesses caused by viruses and bacteria.

They work by killing all of the bacteria in your body.

You should only take antibiotics if they've been prescribed for you.

Once you start feeling better, you can stop taking any leftover antibiotics and throw them away." (clears throat) So what I'd like you to do after you pause the video in a moment, see if you can correct some of the sentences in Sophia's work.

So pause the video now.

How did you get on with that? Should we have a look and see what we should have corrected in Sophia's work? "Antibiotics are an incredibly useful type of medicine" Sophia wrote.

She's right, they are.

"They can be used to treat illnesses caused by viruses and bacteria." Ah.

Now, she needs to change that.

I hope you noticed that.

They can be used to treat illnesses caused by bacteria, not viruses.

Let's see what else she wrote.

"They work by killing all of the bacteria in your body." Needs to change that, doesn't she? They work by killing the harmful bacteria in your body.

Sophia wrote, "You should only take antibiotics if they have been prescribed for you." She's right, that's true.

"Once you start feeling better, you can stop taking any leftover antibiotics and throw them away." Mm, no, Sophia, she needs to correct that.

Even if you start to feel better, you must take the full course of antibiotics that you've been prescribed.

I hope you managed to correct some of Sophia's errors for her.

The next part of our lesson is about penicillin.

Laura and Lucas are talking about how micro-organisms can help us.

Laura says, "When I had an infection caused by bacteria called strep throat, the doctor gave me a medicine called penicillin.

Is this the same as antibiotics?" Lucas says, "I think antibiotics and penicillin are different types of medicine that help us when we have different types of illness." Have a talk with someone near you, a partner, about these two statements and see which you agree with.

Pause the video now.

Penicillin.

Penicillin is a type of antibiotic that is very useful for treating certain types of infection, including infections of the nose, throat, or lungs, skin infections, and meningitis.

It's made from a type of mould.

A microorganism which is part of the fungi group.

This incredible drug was discovered by accident by a Scottish doctor working in London in the 1920s, not far from Paddington Station.

What type of drug is penicillin? I'm going to read some answers and I want you to wave your hands when I come to the one that you think is right.

So what type of drug is penicillin.

Is it A, antiviral? B, antibiotic? C, anti inflammatory? Or D, antihistamine? Yes, it's an antibiotic, well done.

In 1928, Dr.

Alexander Fleming had been carrying out investigations in his lab at Sam Mary's hospital in London.

He was growing and observing different types of bacteria in Petri dishes.

Here's a Petri dish.

He went away on a two week holiday in Scotland, leaving his used Petri dishes in the sink.

When he returned from his holiday, he saw fuzzy green mould, which is a type of fungus growing in the Petri dishes.

He observed that there was a space in the dish between the bacteria and the mould as if the mould were repelling the bacteria.

He concluded that this mould called penicillium was preventing the bacteria in the dish from growing.

Dr.

Fleming carried out further inquiries, and he found that the mould was producing a substance that could kill bacteria.

He named that substance penicillin.

This was the beginning of the creation of the very first antibiotic medicine.

Which scientist was the first to discover penicillin? Double thumbs up when you have the right answer.

Here we go.

Was it A, Dr.

Marie Curie? B, Sir Isaac Newton? C, Mary Seacole? Or D, Dr.

Alexander Fleming? What do you think? Yes, it was Dr.

Alexander Fleming.

In what year did Dr.

Alexander Fleming first discover penicillin? Again, double thumbs up.

Was it A, 1829? B, 1892? C, 1928? Or D, 1982? The answer was 1928.

Well done if you got that right.

Ancient Egyptians also observed the bacteria killing properties of some types of mould, even though they didn't have the understanding of micro-organisms that we do have now.

They used to apply mouldy bread to cuts to help them heal.

But there was a long way to go from here to make the penicillin safe for humans and other animals to use.

We should not try this now, now that we have a better understanding of how to treat infected cuts properly.

After Dr.

Fleming's discovery, it was many years before scientists were able to extract the helpful penicillin from the harmful penicillium mould.

Two doctors called Howard Florey and Ernst Chain also started working on penicillin with a team of scientists in 1937.

It took a long time to discover the best way to safely produce penicillin using the mould on a larger scale.

In 1942, a woman in America who developed blood poisoning was the first person whose life was saved by penicillin.

The discovery of penicillin was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 1900s.

It's led to the saving of many more lives.

Reflecting on his discovery, Dr.

Fleming said this, "When I woke up just after dawn on September the 28th, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic or bacteria killer, but I guess that's exactly what I did." Since then, doctors and other scientists have developed many more antibiotics, each useful for treating different types of illness caused by bacteria.

Here's a scientist working on antibiotics.

Which of these statements about penicillin are correct? Can you give me one thumbs up this time for a correct answer? A, penicillin comes from a type of fungus? B, penicillin can be used to treat viral colds? C, penicillin is a type of antibiotic? D, Penicillin was first used to treat a human in 1928? Should we have a look at the answer? Aha, there's more than one.

Good job you had two thumbs.

Yes, penicillin comes from a type of fungus and it is a type of antibiotic.

Time for task B.

Imagine you are Dr.

Fleming and have travelled through time to the present day.

A team of vloggers wants to interview you about how you discovered penicillin and your feelings about how it changed the world.

Start with his famous quote and then continue with what you think he would say.

Remember the quote, "When I woke up just after dawn on September 28th, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic or bacteria killer, but I guess that's exactly what I did." So what he says next is down to you to decide.

Before we do that, let's just have a look at some things that you could include.

So make sure you include how you made the discovery, what you noticed about the mould and how you felt when the first human life was saved by penicillin.

Well, Lucas says, "Here's the start of my work.

Maybe it will give you some ideas." Here's what Lucas wrote.

"When I woke up just after Dawn on September 28th, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic or bacteria killer, but I guess that's exactly what I did.

I cannot believe how much the world changed as a result of a completely accidental discovery.

I had been on holiday in Scotland.

." It's your turn now to do some writing.

Pause the video.

Well, you were all very busy there.

Well done.

Now, let's have a look at what you might have said.

Imagine you are Dr.

Fleming and you are being interviewed by a team of vloggers.

What would you say? "I had been on holiday in Scotland, enjoying a break from all my hard work on the flu virus when I came down to find my lab in a mess.

I'd forgotten to clean up my Petri dishes from the investigations I'd been doing a fortnight ago, and they'd gone all mouldy.

With a sigh, I rolled up my sleeves and went to start clearing up the mess when I noticed that there was no bacteria around the fuzzy blue mould on the dishes.

With great excitement, I used my microscope to take a closer look at this phenomenon and came to the conclusion that something in the mould must be killing the bacteria or preventing it from growing.

I spent a long time trying to find a way to extract this helpful substance from the harmful mould, but it was ultimately too challenging and I moved on to other investigations.

After a few years, I was incredibly excited and proud to see that other scientists have picked up where I left off and managed to successfully start saving lives with penicillin in 1942." So, let's have a summary of some of the things that we've been learning about micro-organisms. Micro-organisms that help us.

Antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by micro-organisms called bacteria.

The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by Dr.

Alexander Fleming in 1928.

This was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 1900s.

Penicillin comes from a type of mould.

There were many years between the first discovery of penicillin, its extraction from the mould, and it's successful use to cure a patient.

Well, thank you for your hard work today, and I hope you enjoyed imagining what you would've said if you were Alexander Fleming.

Well done and see you next time.