Welcome to today's lesson from the unit Heredity and DNA.

And the title of today's lesson is Heredity and Genetic Material.

And in today's lesson, we're going to be looking at how our features are both affected by the genetic material that we receive from our parents, but also from the environment that we're in and our lifestyle choices and how those interact together to give us our visible characteristics and our life processes.

My name's Mrs. Barnard, and I'm going to be taking you through today's lesson.

And by the end of the lesson you should be able to explain why some, but not all features are inherited when genetic material is passed on from parents to offspring.

And we're gonna be looking out for some keywords today as usual.

And our keywords are environment, lifestyle, inherited and genetic material.

Here is our definition slide.

You might want to pause the video now so you can write those down or so you can refer to them later.

So our lesson today is in three parts.

We have part one, which is about environmental features, part two, which is about genetic material and heredity.

And finally we've got how those two things interact together with heredity and environment.

So let's it started with the first part of today's lesson.

So an organism's features can be inherited, which means that they're passed on from one generation to the next, from parents to offspring, or they can be gained through an organism's life.

Features that are gained through an organism's life are due to environment or lifestyle.

So here's a couple of examples here.

We've got pierced ears, and we've got henna tattoo.

Now, both of those are affected by lifestyle or environment, and in these cases they're both lifestyle choices.

So the environment is the surroundings of an individual such as sunlight, pollutants or the availability of nutrients.

So let's look at this sunflower here.

So one of the pictures there, that's a sunflower that's in very high temperatures, probably low water, but you can see how it's been scorched in the ground around, it looks like it's been scorched from the sun, and then a sunflower that's in the right conditions.

And you can see how it's visible features are quite different between those two sunflowers.

And another example here of a herb, one that has a good supply of water, one that clearly doesn't have enough water, and you can see that it's visible features are different and that's due to its environment.

And how about lifestyle? So lifestyle of a person is the things that they do and the choices that they make.

So examples might be diet or exercise or fashion.

So we've got body piercing, for example, is a choice that someone might make.

And by exercising or the type of exercise that people choose, that's gonna change their muscle structure or their size.

So features that are developed through both the environment, like those plants on the previous slide or lifestyle choices, cannot be passed down to offspring.

So they cannot be passed on.

So let's do a quick check.

So which of these features from the images below are due to a person's lifestyle or environment? So just pause the video while you make your choices.

Okay, so hopefully you did okay with that.

So a scar is what's happened within somebody's lifetime.

It might not be a choice that they've chosen to make, but it's something that's happened within their lifetime due to a lifestyle choice or the environment.

And a body piercing, as we've mentioned before, is something that is a lifestyle choice.

And then we've got eye colour, which is not something that is a choice.

So time for a practise task now.

So have a little look at these pictures of tomatoes, this tomato plant.

You need to look quite closely at it.

What I want you to do is label any features on it that you think are caused by the environment.

And then once you've done that, I want, I'm going to have a go at suggesting what might have caused that feature to appear, okay? So look very closely and then we will come back and we'll check through your answers.

Okay.

How did you get on with that? Did you look very closely to see if you could find some features that are affected by the environment? 'Cause the first one that I've got here is that it's that little mark at the top there.

So that's damage to the stem.

So that could be caused from insect bites.

It might also just be caused by growing it using that little clip on it, or it might have been caused by the weight of the tomatoes pulling down on it.

So any explanation that you've given that seems sensible, that it's due to the environment is a perfectly correct answer.

Okay, what about this one? The colour of the tomatoes.

So that might be due to a difference in sunlight or a difference in the distribution of nutrients, any sensible suggestion.

And then we've got these yellow spots on the leaves here.

So that often indicates a lack of nutrients, but there's also some black spots and black spots often indicate that there might be some form of infection like plant disease.

But again, any sensible suggestion for those differences.

And wilting leaves, that might be due to a lack of water.

So hopefully you managed to come up with a few environmental features and also some explanations for what you think might have caused them.

So if you did, well done.

And let's move on to our next part of our lesson.

And the next part of today's lesson is genetic material and heredity.

So heredity is the passing down of features from parents to their offspring.

So you can see in this picture here of the dog and the puppy that there's definitely some features in that offspring that it's received from its parent.

Now, the reason that parents can pass on features to their offspring is because the instructions for them is held in the genetic material and that genetic material is passed on from the parents to their offspring.

Now, it's really important to remember that offspring will receive genetic material from both parents.

So they'll receive half of the genetic material from one parent and half from the other, which means that they'll receive features from both.

You can see in this example here of the lions that that cub there will have received half of its genetic material from its father and half of its genetic material from its mother.

So genetic material is a chemical substance, and it's found in the cells of all organisms. In the animal cells and plant cells that you might recall from previous unit of work, the genetic material is carried in the nucleus and in the bacteria it's carried in the cytoplasm, but all living cells have genetic material.

The genetic material gives instructions for visible features, but also life processes such as growth and respiration.

So time for a check.

So this is a check where we'd like you to write a sentence based on the sentence that is modelled first.

So an organism inherits genetic material from each parent.

So Harry, here in our picture, he inherited genetic material containing instructions for blonde hair from his mother and the instructions for blue eyes from his father.

So I'd like you to write a similar sentence modelled by this one for Louis.

So if you pause the video, then we'll come back and see how you got on.

Okay, how did you find it? Did you get it right? Let's see.

So Louis inherited genetic material containing the instructions for brown hair from his father and the instructions for brown eyes from his mother.

So half of his genetic material from each parent.

So only features that result from instructions in an organism's genetic material can be inherited.

Okay, so for example, the colour in flowers or the original colour of your eyes can be inherited.

And the reason is because the instructions are in the genetic material, and that is passed on to the offspring from the parents in reproduction.

Features such as damage like scars or you can see this leaf has been quite badly damaged.

They can't be passed on because they've been affected by the environment.

So time for you to have a go at this now.

So let's have a look at this tiger.

It's got some features labelled.

So what you to decide which of these features this tiger will be able to pass onto its offspring, the cub? So pause the video and come back when you've made your choices.

Okay, so let's see which of these features the tiger can pass onto its offspring.

So green eyes, yes, it can pass on.

And orange and black fur, it can pass on.

It can't pass on a scar or a torn ear because those are products of its environment or lifestyle.

Okay, so let's have a practise task now.

So Laura, Aisha and Jacob are discussing heredity.

So they've all got different ideas.

So let's read through them.

So Laura, she says, "All physical features are passed on from parents to their offspring in genetic material." And Jacob says, "Instructions for processes like growth are passed on from parents to offspring in genetic material." And Aisha says, "Genetic material only contains instructions for some physical features.

Others are due to environment or lifestyle." So what I want you to have a think about is how correct any of those answers are, because all the pupils do have some correct ideas.

So I would like you to decide which one or which two have the better understanding? And then I'd like you to write an improved and detailed explanation using some of their ideas, putting them together, okay, to write a really good detailed explanation of what heredity is? Okay, how did you find that? Let's go through the answers.

So first of all, I asked you to choose who you thought had the better understanding and then write an improved and detailed explanation.

So I think Aisha and Jacob both show a better understanding than Laura.

Heredity is the passing genetic information from one generation to the next.

So let's have a little look.

So the genetic material is inherited by the offspring from both parents.

The genetic material carries instructions for processes, which is what Jacob said, such as growth.

The genetic material carries instructions for some physical features, okay? Which is what Aisha said, some physical features, because some physical features and processes are affected by lifestyle and the environment.

So well done if you've got those ideas right, and you've written a good description.

Okay, time to move on to the third part of our lesson, which is heredity and environment.

So environmental and inherited features are not always visible.

We often talk about, when we talk about people's features, we might talk about their eye colour or their nose shape, or whether their hair is curly or straight, but in actual fact, lots of the processes that keep our body going like respiration and digestion, growth or germination implants, all of those things require instructions.

So they may come in our genetic material and therefore they may be affected by lifestyle or the environment.

Some features, however, are determined only by instructions in our genetic material and cannot be changed by the environment or lifestyle.

So for example, eye colour.

Now you might think, oh, I can change my eye colour by putting in coloured contact lenses.

Or you might be able to change the visible feature, but your eye colour is not actually changed.

Your eye colour remains exactly the same.

You've just put a coloured contact lens over the top.

So not all inherited features are visible, as we've already discussed.

So things like human blood, type A, B, AB, O, all of those are determined by instructions in our genetic material, so they cannot be changed.

So the appearance of physical features is often a combination of heredity and environment or lifestyle.

So for example, we've got a chameleon here.

So chameleons, very cool creatures, they can change their colour to match their environment.

So this one here is brown colour.

So he's obviously changed to matching with his environment with this tree, but he has inherited the instructions in genetic material in order to do that in the first place.

So that's a combination of two things, giving them that colour feature.

And colour of hair, so your natural colour of hair is inherited, however, you can dye it and change it due to lifestyle choices to make it look different.

So therefore it is a combination of those two features.

So time for a quick check.

So of the features listed, I want you to decide which ones are a combination of heredity and lifestyle or environment? So pause the video while you decide and then we'll come back.

Okay, I didn't tell you how many to choose.

So I wonder if there's a little bit of variation in who's chosen what.

So here we go, skin colour.

So that is a combination of inherited genetic information, but also the amount of sunlight you might receive.

And then we've got nose shape, again, affected by inheritance, but also might be affected by things like a sporting injury, for example.

And finally, height.

So height is generally in your genetic information, but depending on your diet and also your exercise, that might affect how tall you become.

So well done if you've got those right.

Eye colour, it's definitely not a combination of both.

Okay, time for a practise task.

So this is a Venn diagram.

So in a Venn diagram, we're looking to put things into categories.

So the two categories we've got here, we've got heredity in one circle, and we've got environment and lifestyle in the other circle.

And then that overlapping section in the middle, that's for things that you think refer to both categories.

So could be in both.

Okay? So the features that I'd like you to put into this Venn diagram, so I either put it in the heredity side or the environment and lifestyle side, or in the middle if you think it's affected by both are eye colour and height, hair colour, body mass, tattoos, piercings, scars, language and blood type.

So if you pause the video or you draw yourself a Venn diagram and then put those in place, make sure you draw it nice and big.

Okay, so you'd be able to write inside the inside the circles.

Okay, let's see how we got on.

So we're placing these listed human features into the correct place in the Venn diagram.

So let's get these in.

So eye colour and blood type.

Those are features that are inherited and cannot be changed.

And then in environment and lifestyle, we've got tattoos, piercings, the language that we speak and scars.

And in the middle, things that are affected by both is our body mass affected by our inheritance, but also by our diet, our hair colour, again affected by our inheritance, but also in our choices that we make in terms of dying our hair.

And finally, height, as we've already discussed, can be affected by our diet or our exercise.

Okay, so if you've got those in the right places, then well done.

Okay, this brings us to the end of today's lesson on heredity and genetic material.

And our summary for today is biological features can be inherited from parents when genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring during reproduction.

Genetic material provides instructions for growth and other life processes.

Features developed through environment or lifestyle, e.

g.

scars cannot be inherited by offspring.

Only features that result from instructions in genetic material, e.

g.

eye colour can be inherited.

Physical features are often a combination of heredity and environment or lifestyle.

So well done with your work in today's lesson.