Lesson video

Hello, my name's Mrs. Mitam Smithson.

I'm pleased that you've come along to learn with me today.

We'll go through this lesson step by step.

By the end of it, you'll be more confident and know about solid and liquid states.

This is part of the solid liquid gas states and states of matter topic.

And by the end of this lesson, you should be able to describe the properties of substances that are in the solid and liquid states.

Here are today's keywords.

Solid state, liquid state, gas state, flow, compress.

On the next slide, there's these keywords and they're used in a sentence.

If you wish to pause the next slide, you can then read those sentences and then press play when you're ready to get on with the lesson.

Today's lesson consists of four learning cycles.

Firstly, we're going to name the states of matter.

Then we're going to have a look at solid state properties followed by liquid state properties.

And then we're going to compare the properties of solid state to those as liquid state.

The first learning cycle is naming the states of matter.

Let's get going.

All substances are made of matter.

Matter is anything that takes up space or volume and has a mass.

So substances can be classified as one of three states.

So we've got the solid state, the liquid state, or the gas state.

We're now gonna have a look at particles and we're going to have a look at, this circle represents a particle.

We're going to have a look at these and how they're arranged in solid state, liquid state, and gas state.

So here's a solid state.

Here's a liquid state and here's a gas state.

Today we're going to learn about the solid and liquid state in detail.

Here are some examples of states of matter at room temperature.

So we've got steel, this is a metal and it's in a solid state.

We've got water which is in a liquid state at room temperature and we've got some balloons filled with helium.

And that helium gas is in a gas state.

With some substances, it's more difficult to say exactly what state of matter they're in.

So this is usually because each one of these substances is made up of more than one state of matter.

So for example, an apple is made up of solid state and liquid state substances within it.

We've got a fizzy drink.

So the fizzy drink is liquid and the bubbles inside of it are in the gas state.

And then we've got cushions.

Now these are solid state, the kind of fluffy stuff that's inside of them is in solid state.

However, between them is some air and air is in the gas state.

So they're made up of more than one state of matter.

So it's not always easy to classify a single substance into a single state of matter.

Let's have a quick check for understanding.

Select the three states of matter.

Liquid state, air state, mixture, water state, gas state, solid state, ice state.

I want you to select three of these.

Pause the video for some thinking time and press play when you're ready to get the answers.

Well done if you managed to select the three states of matter, liquid state, gas state, and solid state.

Well done.

At different temperatures, a substance may have a different state of matter.

So substances can change states of matter depending on the temperature that they're in.

So if we have a look at water, water's the example that we often use to describe states of matter.

We've got water in the solid state, that's called ice.

We've got it in the liquid state.

We just call that water and we also call water in the gas state.

This is called steam.

Substances are able to change from one state of matter to another state of matter.

So here's chocolate in the solid state and if we warm that up, we've got chocolate in the liquid state.

So quick check for understanding, true or false? Substances can be changed from one state of matter to another state of matter.

Is that true or is that false? And I want you to come up with a reason for this.

So water can be in the solid state as ice or liquid state as water, or gold is always in the solid state.

So I want you to think true or false, A or B.

Pause the video now for some thinking time and press play when you're ready for the answers.

Well done if you said that that was true, substances can change from one state of matter to another state of matter.

So for example, water can be ice in the solid state or in the liquid state as liquid water.

It says here, gold is always in the solid state.

At room temperature, gold is at the solid state, but we can heat it up and melt it, in which case we would've changed its state.

So here's task A, I've got six images for you and I want you to sort these images into two groups, solid state or liquid state.

So we've got honey, a brick, some milk, butter, ice, and some hot metal.

Pause the video now, complete the task, and then press play when you're ready to get the answers.

Well done for completing this task.

I'm going to sort these into solid state and liquid state.

So we've got a brick, definitely a solid state, honey, liquid state, butter, solid state, milk, liquid state, ice was in the solid state, and that hot metal was heated up so much that it's now in a liquid state.

Well done if you've got all those right.

Well done for working hard so far this lesson.

You've named the states of matter.

Now we're going to have a look at solid state properties.

Then we'll move on to liquid state properties.

And finally we're going to compare liquid states and solid states.

So we said that everything was made of matter and matter's made up of particles.

Now these particles, they're too small to see with your eye.

You would need a special microscope to look at them.

So pure gold in the solid state has got particles that are arranged in a regular pattern like this.

You can see here there's the particles arranged in a regular pattern and there's some space between them.

There's nothing between those particles other than space.

You might see them arranged this way, but you could also arrange them a different way.

They're still in a regular pattern.

We've still got particles.

The space shape is just a little bit different, that's all.

So these are the two possible arrangement of particles in a solid state that you might see in your science lessons.

When we're looking at the properties of solid states, we're just looking at how something that is solid behaves.

So you cannot compress a substance in the solid state.

We can't make that solid state substance take up any less space.

Because the particles are already touching, you cannot get them to move any closer together, because they're already touching.

So if we have a look here, you can see in these two diagrams that this is where the particles are touching.

Now I've got a quick check for understanding for you.

True or false? You can compress a substance in the solid state, so you can compress a substance in the solid state.

So let's have a look at a justification.

Particles in the solid state are touching, so they are unable to move closer together and take up less space.

Or B, particles in a solid state can move over each other and can take up less space.

Pause the video now for some thinking time, then press play when you're ready to get the answers.

Well done if you said false.

You cannot compress a substance in the solid state, because the particles are already touching so they are unable to move closer together and you cannot make it take up less space.

So compress, you cannot compress a substance in a solid state.

Now we're going to have a look at how the particles in a solid state behave.

So the particles, we've seen that they're already in a regular arrangement with just space in between them.

They're touching, they're in what we call a fixed position.

Because they're in that fixed position, the only thing that those particles can do is vibrate.

So they vibrate back and forth and they cannot move past their neighbouring particles.

So let's have a look at a diagram for this.

So we can see here this little animation, the particles are vibrating, they're moving back and forth, but they are not moving past those particles that surround them.

Quick check for understanding.

True or false? A substance in the solid state is in a fixed shape unless a force is applied.

Is that true or is that false? So let's have a look at why that might be.

So particles are vibrating.

This means that they can move over each other or particles are vibrating in a fixed position.

This means that they cannot move past each other.

So pause the video now for thinking time.

Press play when you're ready for the answers.

Well done if you said that that is true, it is in a fixed shape unless a force is applied.

And this is because the particles are vibrating in a fixed position.

It means that they can't move past each other.

Now we're going to have a think about how substances in the solid state behave.

So they cannot be poured from one container to another container, which means that they cannot flow from one place to another and they will not take the shape of their container.

If I put that metal block in a beaker, I could not pour it from one place to another and it will not take the shape of its container.

Quick check for understanding now.

A substance in the solid state is able to flow, so be poured from one place to another place.

Is that true or is that false? And you needed to give a justification so particles can vibrate and move past their neighbouring particles.

Is that what happens in a solid state or is it particles within the solid are vibrating in a fixed position? This means that they cannot slide past each other and flow.

Pause the video now for some thinking time, press play when you're ready for the answer.

Well done if you said false, you cannot pour a solid state substance from one beaker to another beaker.

And this is because all those particles are vibrating in a fixed position and it means that they cannot slide past each other and flow.

Now I've got a picture of a block of copper here.

What I want you to do is select the statement that matches the description of what particles are doing in that solid copper.

So it is made of particles in rows surrounded by nothing.

There are particles in rows surrounded by solid copper.

It is made of particles which can move over each other.

It does not have any particles.

So I want you to select the statement that matches that description of the particles in that solid copper.

Pause for some thinking time and press play when you want the answer.

Well done if you said it's made of particles in rows surrounded by nothing.

There's nothing between those copper particles.

What I want you to do now is task B.

Use the keyword particle to complete the explanation for properties of substances in the solid state.

So we've got property and a description and you're going to write the explanation.

So, cannot flow, that means you cannot pour it from one place to another.

Cannot compress, that means you can't make it take up any less space than it already does.

It's in a fixed shape, which means it can only change shape if a force is applied.

Using the keyword particle.

I'm going to do the first explanation for you.

So I'm looking for why this cannot flow.

It cannot pull from one place to another.

And the explanation for this is particles are in a fixed position so it cannot move over one another.

You're gonna complete the other two.

So pause the video now, complete the explanations, make sure you use that keyword particle.

Then press play when you want the answers.

Well done for completing task B.

Hopefully you've managed to complete the explanations using that keyword particle.

So it cannot flow because they're in a fixed position.

So I've done that one for you.

The particles touch so they cannot move closer together and take up less space.

That is the reason why we cannot compress a solid state.

They're already touching so we can't make them any closer together.

And the fixed shape, they're in a fixed position, they only vibrate on the spot, they cannot move over each other.

So just check your answers.

Your sentences might not be exactly the same, but they should be very similar and definitely use that keyword particle in your answer.

Well done if you got those correct.

We've now completed two learning cycles.

We've named the states of matter.

We've looked at solid state properties.

Now we're going to look at liquid state properties before finally comparing properties of liquid and solid states.

So you can see here in this diagram that these are particles of a substance that's in the liquid state.

You can see that these particles are arranged randomly, but they are still touching.

They're arranged randomly, because they can move past each other.

And you can see here in this animation, that's what they're doing.

They're sliding past each other.

They're free to move and slide past their neighbouring particles, which means that they're not in a fixed position.

So they're not in a fixed position.

They're free to move.

Particles of a substance in the liquid state are randomly arranged as shown in this diagram here.

And this means that because they can slide over each other, they will take the shape of their container.

As you can see, this bottle of oil is filled and the oil has taken the shape of the container, because it's in a liquid state.

Quick check for understanding.

Imagine you could see the particles in this beaker of water.

Do you agree or disagree with the statements? You're going to say, "I'm sure that this is right.

I think it's right.

I think it's wrong." Or, "I'm sure it's wrong." So the two statements are particles are moving freely.

Particles are not able to move, they just vibrate.

So pause the video to give yourself some thinking time, then press play When you're ready for the answers.

Let's check and see if you are right.

Particles are moving freely.

That is right.

They are moving freely over each other, which means that B is incorrect, because they are moving freely.

Well done if you got those right.

The substance in the liquid state cannot be compressed.

It cannot be made to take up less space than it already takes up.

And this is because the particles are already touching as you can see here.

And there's no space between the particles of a substance.

They cannot be pushed closer together.

Imagine you could see the particles in this beaker of water.

Do you agree or disagree with the statements? So, just like before, you're going to say, "I'm sure this is right.

I think it's right.

I think it's wrong." Or, "I'm sure it's wrong," for these two statements.

So statement A, the particles are touching.

Statement B, particles can be moved closer together.

What do you think? Have a think, pause the video, and press play for the answers.

Well done if you said that particles are touching.

If you said that you show that this is right, you're absolutely right.

You can see from that diagram that they are touching.

This means that they cannot be moved any closer together.

So statement B is incorrect.

Well done if you got those right.

Now we're going to have a look at what some students think about water.

Who do you agree has got the best description of water? Is it Aisha? "There are particles that touch surrounded by air." Jacob, "It is made of particles touching other particles that are able to move." Lucas says, "There are particles dotted about surrounded by water." And Izzy says, "It does not have any particles." Who out of the students has got the best description of water? Have a think and pause video.

Press play when you're ready for the answer.

Well done if you said Jacob, "It is made of particles touching other particles and those particles are able to move." We're now going to have a look at task C.

Andeep is writing a presentation about liquids.

So what I want you to do is rewrite his thoughts to make them scientifically correct.

So, "Liquids are made up of small things.

The particles can not flow and take the shape of any container.

You can compress a liquid, because the particles are not touching and there are gaps in between them.

The particles are vibrating in a fixed position so it can move past their neighbouring particles." I want you to rewrite these statements until they're scientifically correct.

Pause the video now and press play when you've got your answers.

Let's have a look at Andeep's presentation now we've corrected his answers.

So, "You cannot compress a liquid, because the particles are already touching and there are no gaps between them.

Liquids are made up of particles.

The particles can flow and take the shape of any container." And finally, "The particles are not in a fixed position so it can move past their neighbouring particles." Well done if you corrected Andeep's thoughts.

Well done for working hard so far during this lesson.

We've had a look at naming the states of matter.

We've had a look at solid state properties, liquid state properties, and now what we're going to do is compare the properties of liquid and solid states.

We're going to look at what's different and what's the same about them.

Here's a comparison of liquid states and solid states.

I've put them in a table to make it easy.

So flow, so in the liquid state, particles can flow, because particles are able to move randomly past neighbouring particles.

Compare this to a solid.

Now in a solid state, they keep their shape, because the particles are fixed position and they are just vibrating.

So they're not able to move, which means that they can not flow.

In a liquid state, particles cannot be compressed, because they're touching each other and there's no gaps between them.

And it's actually identical for a solid state.

So you cannot compress a solid, because it's identical to a liquid.

There's no gaps between them.

You can't make them get any closer together.

And the particles are arranged randomly in a liquid state.

However, it's different, because they're in a regular pattern in a solid state.

So two things that are different.

One thing that's the same for liquid state and solid state.

Let's have a look at a true or false statement.

So true or false, liquids can flow and take the shape of their container compared to solids that keep their shape.

Is that true or is that false? And I want a reason for that.

So particles in a solid state and a liquid state can move past their neighbours.

If particles can move past their neighbouring particles, they can flow.

If they are fixed, they cannot flow.

Pause the video now, write your answer, and then press play when you're ready for me to reveal the answers.

Well done if you said true, liquids can flow and take the shape of their container compared to solids that keep their shape.

And the reason for this is if particles can move past their neighbouring particles like they can in a liquid, that means that they can flow.

However, the particles cannot move past each other in a solid state.

So they are fixed and they cannot flow.

Well done if you got that right.

Another true and false for you now.

Solids and liquids can be compressed.

Is that true or is that false? And I want a reason.

So your two reasons to choose from are solid and liquid particles are touching, so they can't get any closer together, or particles in a liquid and solid are able to move past their neighbouring particles.

Pause video now for some thinking time.

Press play when you're ready for the answer.

Well done if you said that that is false, solids and liquids cannot be compressed.

And the reason for this is that the particles in both the solid and the liquid are touching, so you can't push them any closer together.

You cannot make them take up any less space.

Well done if you got that right.

Well done for working so hard this lesson.

We're now going to complete a Venn diagram, 'cause it can be used to help organise some statements about solid state and liquid state properties.

So we're gonna have one section labelled up solid only, another that says liquid only.

The bit in the middle, the overlap bit is gonna say both liquids and solids.

And outside of the circles, we're going to write not liquid or solid.

We're going to sort these eight statements into this Venn diagram.

Remember, if it's not a property of a solid or liquid, then place it outside of the Venn diagram.

So we've got can compress, cannot compress, cannot flow, can flow.

Particles will fill the shape of the container.

Can only change shape if a force is applied.

Particles will not fill the shape of the container.

Cannot change shape if a force is applied.

So what I want you to do is sort those into the Venn diagram, pause the video whilst you do that, and then press play when you've completed task D.

Well done for completing the final task of today's lesson.

Let's see if you've got these answers right.

So solid only can change shape if a force is applied.

Cannot change shape if a force is applied is not to do with a liquid or a solid.

Particles will fill the shape of their container.

That's a liquid only.

Particle will not fill the shape of the container is solid only.

Can compress.

That's a property that is not a property of a liquid or a solid.

So that's outside the Venn diagram.

You cannot compress liquids or solids, so that goes in the overlap bit.

Can flow is liquid only.

And cannot flow is a solid only.

So you cannot pour a solid from one container to another, but you can for a liquid.

Well done if you've completed that task.

Here's a summary for today's lesson.

A substance may exist as solid state, liquid state, or gas state.

In the solid state, a substance has a fixed shape.

It does not flow and cannot be compressed.

In the liquid state, a substance can flow.

It takes the shape of its container and cannot be compressed.

Well done for working so hard during this lesson.

I think you've done really well.

Hopefully you know more now about solid and liquid states and you're able to compare them.

I hope to see you in another lesson soon.