Hi there, I'm Mrs. Kemp and welcome to today's lesson all about the differences between infectious and non-infectious diseases.

This is part of the disease and drugs unit, but you'll also recognise quite a lot of the information from when we learned about diet and exercise back in year eight.

So, let's get started then.

Our outcome for today is I can describe some common infectious and non-infectious diseases and their causes.

These are some of the key terms that we're gonna be using for today.

And if you would like to have a look at them in more detail, please do pause the video, but I will be explaining them as we go.

So we've got three learning cycles for today.

We've got disease, infectious diseases, and non-infectious diseases.

We're gonna start with the first one, disease.

So how many different types of disease can you think of? Have a little think for a moment.

Here's some examples for you.

See how many you've got.

I've got the common cold, Covid-19, and also eczema and heart disease.

Now actually you might have thought of some other very acceptable examples.

These are literally just four of possible thousands and thousands.

We categorise a disease then by a persistent, so something that is happening all the time, deviation, so change from a person's normal appearance, so how they look, their body function, so are there different systems working well within them, and also their behaviour.

Have they become withdrawn or unhappy? They can either be infectious or non-infectious, and we're going to talk about the difference between the two.

If we think back to those couple of examples of diseases that we had on the previous slide, then the common cold and Covid-19, we will put those into the infectious category.

Whereas, eczema and heart disease is non-infectious.

So, let's think about what those different things mean then.

So if you've got an infectious disease like with Covid-19 or your common cold, they will be caused by something called a pathogen, okay? A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause a disease and it can be passed from person to person.

That's why it's infectious, okay? Because it can infect somebody and it'll be passed on.

We've got some different types of pathogen then that are microorganisms. There's viruses, there's bacteria, there's fungi, and there are these tiny little things called protists.

An example of a protist is a euglena.

You may have met that when you did the cells topic back in year seven.

Not all microorganisms cause disease, okay? So there are some examples of pathogens, but do you remember when you learned about the digestive system back in year eight? You probably talked about bacteria that are happily living in our gut and actually making us more healthy, okay? So some types of microorganisms help us, some of them have no effect on us whatsoever, and then pathogens are the ones that really cause us a problem.

Okay, so true or false? All bacteria cause disease.

Can you justify your answer? A, bacteria are pathogens.

B, not all bacteria are pathogens.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please do pause the video.

Okay, did you think that that's actually false? Well done.

And that's because, remember not all bacteria are pathogens.

We've got those really healthy, helpful ones are living inside our gut.

Okay, non-infectious diseases then cannot be spread from organism to organism.

So you can't pass that on to another person.

They're often linked with lifestyle factors.

We talked about a lot of lifestyle factors back in that diet and exercise topic, but it also can be helped by genetics as well.

So, let's remember what we mean by genetics, that we've got our cell there, we've got our chromosomes that are found in the cell, and they could have a gene that is faulty and therefore causes a non-infectious disease.

It could also be that you've got certain lifestyle factors that are not particularly good.

So this is a person that's exercising, so that's great, isn't it? But you might not be exercising and that might actually be the link with a non-infectious disease.

Now, the World Health Organisation actually says that non-infectious diseases are the biggest cause of death globally.

And in fact, they kill 41 million people each year, which is equivalent to 74% of all the deaths globally.

That's such a massive number of, actually, diseases that are preventable by living a healthier lifestyle.

Okay, onto our next check then.

Which of the following is not true about infectious and non-infectious diseases? Okay.

A, both infectious and non-infectious diseases can be caused by genetics.

B, infectious diseases can be passed from organism to organism, but non-infectious diseases can't.

C, a common cold is an infectious disease and heart disease is a non-infectious disease.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please do pause the video.

Okay.

Did you think A, both infectious and non-infectious diseases can be caused by genetics? Of course, that is false.

That's only non-infectious.

Onto our first task of the day then.

So if you want to get your worksheet out in order to be able to record this on your worksheet, that would be great.

So sort the diseases into infectious and non-infectious diseases.

We've got some different diseases there.

We've got malaria is caused by a protist.

Athlete's foot is caused by a fungus.

Lung cancer is linked to smoking.

Heart disease is linked to obesity.

Measles is caused by a virus.

Scurvy is caused by a lack of vitamin C.

And tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium.

So bob those into your table.

I'll give you some time to think about it, but please pause the video if you need more time.

Okay, did you sort them into the correct categories? So, on our infectious side, we should have malaria, athlete's foot, tuberculosis, and measles.

We can tell they're infectious 'cause they're all caused by different types of pathogens.

Non-infectious ones then, heart disease, scurvy, and lung cancer And those ones are all linked to different lifestyle factors.

Excellent.

Well done.

Onto our second learning cycle of today then.

So, in infectious diseases, an example of an infectious disease caused by a virus this time is measles, okay? Now, measles is a disease that can spread around really easily and actually have really serious complications.

So if you know somebody has measles, then you really do want to alert people straight away.

The sort of initial symptoms are similar to what you get as a common cold.

So often people do not recognise it as being measles at the beginning, so they might have a high temperature, lots of sneezing and coughing, and a runny nose.

It is only after a couple of days then that people would develop this measles rash, and this is really identifiable as being measles.

And if you ever have a rash in this way, if you go straight to the doctors, they would immediately be able to recognise that.

It's actually spread when a person coughs or sneezes, and what happens is that in the tiny droplets of mucus that come out when you sneeze, just like that gentleman there on the picture, it will contain tiny little bits of that virus that can then get into somebody else's system as they breathe it in.

And this is then therefore infecting other people.

You can prevent the spread then by making sure that when you have a cough or a cold or a sneeze, then you always make sure that you use tissues in order to sneeze into and throw it away.

Make sure that you're washing your hands all the time.

You shouldn't attend nursery school or work if you know that you've been infected with the measles virus.

A better way to make sure that we prevent the spread is by getting a vaccination.

There's one called the MMR, which stands for measles, mumps, and rubella, three different types of diseases.

We get that when we are very young and it prevents us from getting any of those diseases.

It therefore then prevents us from spreading it onto anybody else and sort of stops that spread chain.

Another example of an infectious disease, this time by a bacteria, is tuberculosis, or we also call it TB, and it often affects people's lungs.

It is very, very serious if not treated with antibiotics.

However, we do have drugs which are called antibiotics, which can treat somebody really well.

So the types of symptoms that are included in TB would be a persistent cough.

Remember that word persistent? Again, then it means that it's gone on for a long period of time.

They may have a high temperature or a loss of appetite.

We can see in that picture there, there's a doctor listening to a person breathing.

So that could give you an indication if there's a sort of rattly sound in there that actually somebody might have TB.

Again, you can get a TB vaccination.

Those people that are at high risk might get a vaccination for that.

In certain countries, there's still quite high levels of tuberculosis.

In the UK, we're quite lucky that actually there's only a small number of cases that sort of pop up now and again, so we don't normally vaccinate against TB anymore, but it is available if you are high risk.

Infectious diseases then don't just affect animals, and it's important for us to realise that, actually, they can also affect plants, okay, and any other organism, to be fair, on the planet.

One example is potato blight and this is caused by a fungus.

It was a disease that spread really, really rapidly around Ireland in the mid-1800s, and actually led to a terrible famine that affected lots and lots of people.

At the time, potatoes were actually a really staple food in Ireland and actually most people ate it for quite a lot of their meals and really relied on it as a source of nutrition.

Because of that, then it's estimated that about 1 million people died of starvation during the famine and there was a mass exodus from Ireland as people went in search of other places that had more food around.

It's actually not very easy to treat fungal infections in plants either.

In fact, it's not very easy in in animals.

And the only real way to solve the problem in plants is to actually remove those infected parts of the plant and hope that then the remaining parts actually didn't have any spores or anything on them.

You can also treat with a fungicide.

Fungicide means.

Cide means kill, and so it's a chemical that will kill fungus.

But they're not always great and don't always work that well.

Okay, onto our next check then.

This one is a true or false.

Tuberculosis is caused by a virus.

Is that true or is that false? Can you justify your answer? A, it is caused by a fungus, and you can stop the spread with a vaccine.

Or B, it is caused by a bacteria and can be treated with antibiotics.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, that is of course false, and that's because it's actually caused by a bacteria.

Because remember that we can treat tuberculosis with an antibiotic.

Excellent.

Really well done.

Okay, onto our second task of today then.

So, again, you can get your worksheet out to use that to record your answer.

So this time, I'd like you to create me a patient leaflet all about measles.

The things that you would probably want to include in that then is what measles is and what causes it, the symptoms of measles, how measles can be spread, and also how someone could reduce the spread of measles.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but you will need more time for this one, so I do recommend pausing the video.

Okay, let's have a look at what you could have included in your leaflet then.

So, first of all, what causes measles? Measles, remember, is an infectious disease that is caused by the measles virus.

It spreads very easily and can have really serious complications.

The symptoms then are high temperature, sneezing and coughing, runny nose and a rash.

It can be spread when a person coughs or sneezes, the droplets of mucus contain that virus, and then they can be breathed in by other people.

We can reduce the spread by making sure that we wash our hands, use tissues when we sneeze, and isolate yourself.

So, making sure that you're not around others.

If you've got that virus, remember things like not going to work or school.

And also, getting the MMR vaccination is the best way to prevent that spread.

Okay, onto our final learning cycle of today, which is non-infectious diseases.

Okay, so many of the diseases that we get now in our lives are actually non-infectious.

Remember that World Health Organisation that actually it's the biggest killer around the globe.

And if you come into close contact with a person then with a non-infectious diseases, you can't contract it, okay? You can't pass on diabetes or cancer by standing next to and and being around a person that also has that disease.

But we can try to limit our risk factors for getting these types of diseases.

Thinking about exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, spending time with friends, to avoid some non-infectious diseases.

So anything that we would kind of base in being a healthy lifestyle will help us to reduce our chances of contracting a non-infectious disease.

They often have a really long duration, okay? So that means that you have them for a really long time, comparatively to, say, like the common cold.

And they take a really long time in order to develop.

They actually affect people of all ages in all regions and countries.

However, because of those lifestyle factors, they do disproportionately affect people living in poverty.

Often, that's because there is a lack of education for people about what types of things they should be doing to prevent these, and also the access to healthy foods.

Unfortunately, ultra-processed foods are often very, very cheap and these are the ones that are actually linked with different non-infectious diseases.

And so it's quite difficult for people that do not have a great deal of money in order to not have better access to different types of food.

There are other risk factors associated with non-infectious diseases though.

Things like smoking, completely preventable.

High blood pressure, okay, so if somebody has a high blood pressure, we can see there that somebody's got a monitor on, and you can buy these from places like pharmacies and you can check your own blood pressure at home.

Otherwise, you'd need to go to a doctor.

Obesity then, so being overweight comparatively to your height.

Remember, we looked at BMI in previous units.

That would give us an indication if somebody is obese.

And also, different types of drugs.

So alcohol, which is obviously a legal drug, but also other illegal substances that people may abuse.

By abuse, that means taking them sort of regularly or a greater limit.

Some examples of non-infectious diseases then associated with obesity.

Things like coronary heart disease.

Do we remember that the coronary arteries are the ones that supply the heart with blood, okay? In coronary heart disease, they can get blocked and it can then mean that there isn't enough oxygen and glucose being supplied to the heart muscle cells, and so they can become damaged.

A stroke, which we actually talk about in a further lesson, but it's when some of the blood vessels that actually supply the brain with blood also get blocked and it can lead to damage of the brain cells.

Some types of cancer then such as bowel cancer We can see here the large and the small intestines.

So this is like the area of our bowels and, actually, you can still get cancer in those and it can be very, very dangerous.

Type II diabetes then.

You can see somebody just pricking their finger there with a little blood monitor so that they can look at the levels of glucose in their blood.

Let's think about type II diabetes in a little bit more detail then.

We have met this in a previous unit back in year eight.

It is a disease whereby patients are unable to control their blood sugar levels, okay? And this can be quite dangerous, especially for a person's brain.

Some symptoms that can be included when you have diabetes are frequent urination and, on the opposite end, excessive thirst.

Okay, so you can see that child drinking there.

If you feel like you're thirsty all the time, you shouldn't really be if you're drinking enough, then it could be a sign that you have type II diabetes.

Cuts and wounds then taking a lot longer time to heal.

If left untreated, it can be a quite a serious problem and can lead to issues with your eyes, your heart, and also your nerves.

It can helped with actually maintaining a better quality of food intake, so making sure that you're looking at the number of carbohydrates and things that you are eating, and also by exercise and making sure that you are maintaining a healthy weight.

So, let's go on to our last check of this unit then.

So, which activities are not risk factors for non-infectious diseases? A, drinking alcohol, B, eating fruit and vegetables, C, exercising, or D, smoking.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you get eating fruits and vegetables and exercising? Of course, they're not risk factors for non-infectious diseases.

Those are good things that you should be doing in your normal healthy lifestyle.

Onto our final task of the day then.

This is task C.

Again, you can open up your worksheets and record your answers on there.

So, a patient went to the doctors and said he had been feeling faint recently.

He had also been thirsty and urinating more often.

The doctor measured his height and mass and calculated that his BMI was in the obese category.

Number one, what do you think may be wrong with the patient? And number two, can you suggest some lifestyle changes the man should make to reduce his risk of non-infectious diseases? I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay.

Did you think then that the patient may have diabetes? If you did, well done.

People with diabetes often experience high thirst and frequent urination.

Other non-infectious diseases associated with obesity are heart disease, stroke, and bowel cancer.

So, any of those would've been sensible suggestions.

What can he do then? So the patient should try to reduce their BMI.

They should eat a more balanced diet and exercise more regularly.

They should reduce the amount of ultra-processed foods in their diet.

I hope you thought of those.

I'm sure you did.

And if not, you can add some of them into your answer.

Well done.

Okay, so we've come to the end of our lesson.

So, let's think about those sort of key learning points that we've mentioned today in our summary.

Diseases are persistent deviation from a person's normal appearance, body function, or behaviour.

Diseases can be infectious or non-infectious.

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can be passed from organism to organism.

A pathogen is a virus, bacterium, or other microorganisms such as a fungus or protist that causes disease.

Non-infectious diseases are caused by variety of risk factors including genetics and lifestyle factors.

Non-infectious diseases cannot be passed from organism to organism.

I hope you've enjoyed today's lesson.

I've really enjoyed teaching it to you and I hope to see you again soon.

Bye.