Hi, there.

I'm Mrs. Kemp, and welcome to today's lesson all about lifestyle diseases.

So let's have a look at our outcome for today then.

So we should be able to describe some common lifestyle diseases, factors that increase the risk of developing them, and steps you can take to prevent them.

There will be lots of key terms that we'll use today.

Here are some of them.

And if you would like to read those in more detail, please do pause the video, but rest assured that I will go through each one of those as we move through the slides.

So we've got three learning cycles.

We've got diseases of the gas exchange system, diseases of the circulatory system, and also lifestyle factors to reduce your risk of disease.

We'll be starting with diseases of the gas exchange system.

So this is our gas exchange system, but let's just have a quick reminder of the different parts.

So of course we take the air in through our nose and mouth.

That air travels down our trachea that splits into the two bronchi that go into each one of the lungs.

Then those bronchi split into the bronchioles, the tinier little tubes, and at the end of those tubes, we have the alveoli, which are the tiny little air sacs where gas exchange takes place.

Lifestyle diseases are actually non-infectious diseases.

It can't actually be passed from person to person, so you can't be stood close to somebody or contract it from just being around them.

They usually have some risk factors that are associated with them.

You can see over there that we've got obesity and alcohol.

These are two quite common risk factors.

And a risk factor is something that will increase your chance of something harmful happening.

However, it doesn't always mean that you'll definitely get it, all right? So for example, obesity and alcohol are risk factors, but it doesn't mean that just because you are obese or you drink alcohol, you're definitely going to get a certain type of disease.

Okay, true or false? Lifestyle diseases are infectious diseases.

Is that true or false? Can you justify your answer? a, lifestyle diseases are non-infectious diseases as they cannot be passed from person to person.

b, lifestyle diseases are passed from person to person and often have risk factors associated with them.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you think that that was false? Excellent.

Well done.

And that is because lifestyle diseases are non-infectious diseases as they cannot be passed from person to person.

Excellent.

Well done for that.

So let's have a look at an example then of a non-infectious disease that will affect your gas exchange system.

This one is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Whenever you have pulmonary in a word, you know that it's gonna have something to do with the lungs.

Now, actually 'cause that's quite a mouthful, we can just cut that down to COPD as that stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

It includes a group of lung conditions that affect your breathing, and one example is emphysema.

So let's have a look at emphysema in a little bit more detail.

Emphysema is actually a disease that damages the alveoli.

If you have a little look at those two images there.

The healthy alveoli, you can see has got little pockets of those air sacs.

But what happens when you have emphysema is that some of those walls are damaged and you end up with sort of larger spaces, and therefore they have less of a surface area for gas exchange to happen.

Remember, surface area affects the rate of diffusion of those gases, so if we make the surface area smaller, that gas exchange will be less efficient.

The rate of that diffusion then of oxygen into our blood and carbon dioxide out of our blood will slow down.

As a result of that then, you get quite a lot of symptoms. You might have a shortness of breath, like feeling breathless a lot of the time, having a persistent cough, so coughing all the time with quite a lot of phlegm, frequent chest infections because of that increase in the phlegm that's in there.

It holds those pathogens in your lungs.

And there are a number of different risk factors for contracting COPD.

So smoking.

Smoking can lead you to getting emphysema.

It could be that you've got some kind of job where you're having to be around harmful fumes, or does something like a fireman, but also people that are working in the building industry because there's quite a lot of dust going on there.

You would want to really have a proper protective face covering for that.

And sometimes there are some rare genetic factors that can increase your chance of getting COPD, okay? There's a strand of DNA for you.

If you've got a slightly different code to other people, it could mean that you are at higher risk.

So which of the following lifestyle factors increases your risk of COPD? a, eating junk food, b, breathing in fumes or dust, c, not exercising, or d, smoking.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, so these are risk factors for quite a lot of different diseases, but the breathing in fumes or dust and smoking are the ones that relate to COPD.

Excellent.

I hope you thought of those, well done.

On to our first task of the day then, and this is in a couple of parts.

I would get your worksheet out to record your answers.

It will make it a lot easier.

So first of all, Aisha has made this model of the lungs using items from her pencil case.

Can you add some labels to Aisha's model to show which parts represent the alveoli, the bronchioles, the trachea, and the bronchi? Number two then.

Underneath, can you draw a diagram of alveoli from a healthy person and draw a diagram of the alveoli from a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Remember, that's COPD.

Our example was emphysema.

Use the diagram to explain why someone with COPD will have less efficient gas exchange.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but please do pause the video if you need more time.

Okay, on your diagram did you see that the highlighter there was the trachea? It then branched into those larger pens, into the smaller pens, the bronchioles, and then finally those lids on the end, they were representing the alveoli, the tiny little air sacs of the lungs.

Excellent.

Well done.

Number two, hopefully your drawing looks something like this then to show that the healthy alveoli has a larger surface area than the alveoli from the person with COPD, and that's because COPD leads to damage of the alveoli.

This reduces the surface area for gas exchange.

The rate of diffusion of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out slows down.

If you need to add a little bit onto your answer, please do that now.

We're going to now move onto our second learning cycle.

This one is diseases of the circulatory system.

So let's remind ourselves about the circulatory system.

We've got the heart there, and its job is to pump the blood around the body, and therefore circulate blood around the body, hence circulatory system.

The blood vessels will be carrying that blood to and from the heart.

They're classified into arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Now, an example of a non-infectious disease of the circulatory system is a stroke, and a stroke is a really life-threatening disease that needs very, very quick medical treatment.

It can happen when there is a blockage in the blood vessels that are supplying part of the brain.

Okay, so obviously the brain is really important for us to function.

Without a continuous blood supply, the brain's cells can become damaged, and that's 'cause they're not receiving that glucose and oxygen that is required for respiration.

It could lead to permanent complications in a person or even death.

Ways that those blood vessels can get blocked then.

It can be that sometimes they can burst open, which obviously means that blood will then come out them instead of going to where they're supposed to be going.

We could also get a blood clot, so some of the actual blood itself is clotting inside the blood capillary.

Or there could be a fat clot that is built up, say through having high cholesterol in your blood.

Some of the risk factors for a stroke then.

Again, we've got smoking.

We've got excessive alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, and also obesity.

So any of these things could lead to a person's blood vessels in their brain becoming blocked.

Another disease of the circulatory system then is cardiovascular disease, CVD for short, and it's a general term for any condition that will affect the heart and blood vessels.

So CVD will include stroke that we've already mentioned in more detail, coronary heart disease, which we have talked about in other lessons, and aortic disease, which is where the aorta, which is the main artery that supplies the whole body with blood, can also become blocked.

And because these have such a wide impact across the whole globe, researchers are doing and scientists are doing lots of investigations to try to find out the real risks for CVD.

And this is one investigation then of looking into the risk of developing some form of CVD in people that have been overweight or obese for a long period of time.

They studied over 260,000 people, okay? Remember that you can tell if somebody is overweight by looking at their BMI, and this is exactly what they did then.

They actually sorted people into different groups depending on what their BMI was.

Group one were overweight at 28.

7.

Group two, 33.

7.

They they would be obese on the BMI.

The group three, 39.

9, were also obese, but slightly higher.

And then four were 49.

1, and they would be classified as severely obese.

The scientists made sure that once they'd looked at this study, they'd actually adjusted their results by looking at a person's age, their sex, so male or female, and also their socioeconomic status, okay? So that means really sort of how much money they have.

And if you remember that poverty can have a real effect on somebody's risk of lifestyle diseases.

Often that's because they may not have access to healthy foods.

Cheap ultra processed foods are sometimes relied on.

So the reason that they do this is that all of these factors could increase or decrease your risk of CVD, so they need to be taken into account in order to make sure that the results are valid.

Let's have a look at the results from this investigation then.

There we've got our four different groups, and remember they became more overweight as you went through the group.

The incident rate for someone with a healthy BMI.

So we can see up the Y-axis there then, we've got the number of incidents of, so how many times people got CVD per 1000 people.

And you can see it's quite a flat line there just to show as a comparison for the people with a healthy BMI, and that's low around sort of 5.

5-ish.

Whereas with the data that they received from the different groups, you can see that there is a trend, and I've put that dotted black line in so that you can see it more easily, that actually as you increase somebody's BMI, then you can see that the incident rate does increase, and we would say that that is a positive correlation.

As one increases, so does the other.

Now, it's always good when you've got a graph and you're looking at data to pick out a couple of the points.

So we could say that the risk increases in group one, okay, from about 9.

3, we can read off the graph there per 100,000 people, to group four, we can see that that's increased to 12.

54 per 1000 people.

It's also important to mention that actually this is a correlation, this is a pattern, okay? It doesn't necessarily mean that it's going to happen, okay? If you are overweight, you're not definitely going to get CVD.

It is only a risk.

Let's have a little think then about why somebody being obese and having high BMI might actually lead to them getting CVD.

Now, this could be due to fatty deposits laying down in blood vessels or a blood clot clotting those blood vessels such as the coronary artery.

It could also lead to blood vessels bursting and then preventing blood flow to a major organ.

Okay, true or false? A stroke is a type of cardiovascular disease.

Can you justify your answer? a, a stroke is a disease that affects the brain.

b, a stroke is a disease that affects the blood vessels that supply the brain with blood.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, that is of course true, and that's because a stroke is a disease that affects the blood vessels that supply the brain with blood.

Excellent.

Really well done.

Let's go on to our second task of the day then, so please do get your worksheet out to record your answers.

This is another graph question, so thinking about how we used our graph earlier.

This graph shows the relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of stroke.

Number one, what causes a stroke? Number two, use the graph to describe the relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed per day and the risk of having a stroke.

I'll give you some time to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, so what is a stroke? A stroke is where the blood vessels that supply the brain with blood may be blocked by fatty deposits or a blood clot.

They can also burst preventing blood flow to that part of the brain.

When we look at our graph then, we can see that there is a positive correlation between the amount of alcohol consumed per day and the risk of having a stroke.

The relative risk of a stroke for a person that does not consume alcohol is one.

This increases to a relative risk of 6.

5 when consuming around 120 grammes per day.

This is just a correlation and does not mean that drinking more alcohol causes a stroke.

Okay, onto our final learning cycle today then.

Lifestyle factors to reduce your risk of disease.

So it is important to ensure BMI is in the healthy category.

Remember, these are our different categories.

We've got underweight, healthy weight, overweight, obese, and severely obese depending on what number you get when you calculate your BMI.

We did that back in the diet and exercise unit.

So in order to think about that, we need to really balance the energy in, and there's somebody's lunchbox there of what they've been eating in the day, and also the energy out.

So we all use energy without moving, and we all have an amount of energy that we're using just to stay alive, but we might also be quite physically active, and therefore we are using more energy.

And it's important to also consider not just the amount of energy that we're consuming, but also the quality of that food, okay, because not all calories are nutritionally equal.

So Brazil nuts, somebody might think that, you know, a portion of Brazil nuts, about three sort of nuts really, is about 98 calories.

However, a portion of sweets, a handful of those little bears there, they're actually 70 calories.

So Brazil nuts seems to have more energy in them than the sweets.

However, the nuts also contain protein, fibre, and really good unsaturated fats, so you're getting a lot out of those, and so therefore they would be considered as a part of a healthy diet.

The sweets, on the other hand, they don't really contain anything else, okay? They'll give you a really quick hit of sugar, which is a carbohydrate, but you won't get anything else useful from them.

And so it's important to eat a balanced diet.

Whole foods, so things that are still in their natural state.

So eating a piece of fruit instead of eating a kind of bar that's been made up of lots of mashed up bits of fruit is better than the other, okay? Also, making sure that your diet is really plant-based, and you've got lots and lots of different types of plants in your diet.

Try to reduce the consumption of those ultra processed foods.

Try to increase your consumption of fruits and vegetables.

It will lead to you having a better health for a longer period of time.

It's also important to exercise regularly, and the NHS actually recommends that children and young people should aim for the average of about 60 minutes of moderate or high intensity physical activity every single day, okay? So make sure you're walking to school, make sure you're using the stairs, make sure that you are part of some sort of club or activity where you can get some physical activity going.

High intensity activity then will contribute to having a healthy heart and also decrease your risk of CVD.

Things like weight training, which may not increase your heart rate as much, are actually still really important for improving the strength of your muscles and reducing that risk of things like osteoporosis, which we've talked about in previous lessons where actually your bones become weaker.

By using weights, it actually encourages your bones to become stronger and reduces that risk.

Make sure you're not abusing drugs, so don't smoke, don't take illegal drugs, and try to avoid drinking alcohol, especially in excess.

All right then, onto our next check.

Which person is least likely to develop a cardiovascular disease? a, someone with a BMI of 32, b, someone with a BMI of 23, or c, someone with a BMI of 44.

Use that table with the BMI range and the weight categories.

I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, did you work out that BMI 23 puts them in a healthy weight category, therefore they're at a lower risk of cardiovascular disease? Onto our final task of the day then? So some students were talking about how to reduce their risk of lifestyle diseases.

Who do you agree with? Can you correct any mistakes and add in more detail? Sofia says, "We should eat a balanced diet with lots of fruits and vegetables." Laura said, "If you drink alcohol, you will have a stroke, so you should limit the amount that you drink." I'll give you a moment to think about it, but if you need more time, please pause the video.

Okay, so Sofia is correct.

Of course you should eat more fruits and vegetables, but you should also exercise regularly and make sure that you're not taking any illegal drugs.

Laura is correct that adults should limit the amount of alcohol they drink, but alcohol is a risk factor and not an absolute fact.

Not everyone who consumes alcohol will have a stroke, so Laura is partly incorrect.

Okay, we've come to the end of the lesson then, so we're going to just run through those key learning points.

Lifestyle diseases are non-infectious diseases.

The risk of them developing is affected by lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.

Risk factors increase your chance of something harmful happening.

Some lifestyle diseases that affect the gas exchange system include COPD and emphysema.

Some lifestyle diseases that affect the circulatory system are coronary heart disease and strokes.

We can reduce the risk of lifestyle diseases by eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly.

It is very important not to start smoking, or to give it up.

We should also limit the amount of alcohol we drink.

It's been a fantastic lesson.

Thank you so much for learning with me.

I hope to see you again soon.

Bye.