A system of defences in the body, including white blood cells, which protects against pathogens.

Components of the blood which help blood to clot and seal wounds.

A type of cell in the blood that is part of the immune system and responds to pathogens.

When a white blood cell engulfs, digests and destroys a pathogen.

Non-specific defences of the human body against pathogens

Biology

Pupils will learn about the use of antibiotics against pathogens, and the development of new drugs and novel treatments for disease.

Pupils learned about non-communicable diseases in humans, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer; and about communicable diseases in humans and plant caused by pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists.

Defences against pathogens, the human immune system and vaccination

Immunity is established after the body is first exposed to a pathogen's antigens, and enables white blood cells to respond quickly to the antigen when the body is re-exposed to it.

Proteins produced by white blood cells against specific pathogens.

White blood cells that remain in the blood and give lasting immunity to certain pathogens.

A formulation that contains an inactive pathogen, or parts of it.

The process of administering a vaccine to an individual to create immunity to a pathogen.

Immunity and vaccination

When a high proportion of the population have been vaccinated against a disease, the spread is reduced and unvaccinated individuals may be protected.

Evaluating the global use of vaccination

Waterproof coating on the surface of a leaf.

Structure made of cellulose that surrounds plant cells.

A substance that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.

Use of a microscope to observe a specimen such as a microorganism.

Protein produced by white blood cells against a specific pathogen.

Plant defences, and identifying plant diseases

A living thing that is too small to see with the unaided eye.

A type of microscope that uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects.

A series of questions about the features of an organism that help us to identify it.

A coloured liquid put onto a specimen so that the cells and their structures can be more easily seen with a light microscope.

Defences against pathogens, the human immune system and vaccination

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These lessons will be removed by end of Summer Term 2025.