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Hello there my fellow history enthusiasts.

And welcome to the third lesson on the unit of the Great Fire of London.

My name is Mr. Pedroza and in this lesson we be looking at the following question.

So the question is what was London like at the onset of the Great Fire? Now, in this lesson we are going to pick up the story of London just after the Romans abandoned Britain in around 410 A.

And we're going to see how the city developed for over 1,000 years.

I hope you're ready to learn all about this city's fascinating history.

Are you ready? Let's go.

And have a look at the structure of the lesson.

We going to being with the star words, I'll show you some key vocabulary.

Then we'll have a look at London just after the Romans left.

Then we're going to have a look at Anglo-Saxon London.

And then we'll do a tour of London during the Norman and the Tudor period.

And then we finish the lesson with our end of lesson quiz.

As always.

Now things you are going to need.

You're going to need your exercise book or a piece of paper, you're going to need a pencil, and you're going to need a ruler so you can underline some key things.

So if you haven't gotten those things go and get them now.

Okay, let's have a look at the key star words.

So we've got six star words.

We've got tribe, we've got Britannia, we've got abbey, we've got missionary, we have an alliance, and then we have mayor.

So a tribe is a group of people, families, or villages that share the same language, social customs, and ancestors.

Then we've got Britannia, and Britannia is the name that was given to the island of Great Britain during the Roman empire.

Next one we've got abbey, and an abbey is a religious place or building where monks or nuns live.

A religious place or building where monks or nuns live is called an abbey, good job.

Then we've got a missionary, and a missionary is a person who is sent by a church or a religious order to a foreign country to teach, convert, heal or sow.

Next one we've got an alliance, and an alliance is a group of people that share certain goals and agree to work together.

So a group of people that share certain goals and agree to work together is called an alliance.

Good job.

Next one we've got a mayor, and a mayor is the head of a government in a village, town, or city.

So the head of government in a village, town, or city is called a mayor.

Great job guys.

So let's pick up the story of London, just after the Romans in 410 A.

So after the last Roman soldiers left Britain in around 410 A.

King Vortigern was left in charge of much of Britannia.

And Vortigern was worried about the two competing tribes, the Picts and the Scots, whom he thought wanted to take over the whole island.

So he was worried about the Picts here, and he was worried about the Scots, who he thought were going to take over the whole of Britannia.

And in a bid to retain control and keep the Picts at bay, it is believed that King Vortigern asked two brothers, called Hengest and Horsa from Jutland, this is Jutland here in modern-day Denmark, to help him out.

And they- he made an alliance with them to come and fight for him and keep the Picts and the Scots out.

So let's have a look at the first task, so a complete the sentence.

So after the Romans left in 410 A.

, King, hmm, was left in charge of much of Britannia.

Who was the king who was left in charge of much of Britannia after the Romans left in 410 A.

? Have a think and then have a go.

Okay let's have a look at the answer.

Are you ready? So after the Romans left in 410 A.

, King Vortigern was left in charge of much of Britannia.

Great job guys.

Well done.

Now let's have a look at then next bit.

So Hengest and Horsa, the two brothers from Jutland, the fought the Picts as they agreed, however they then decided they wanted to stay in Britannia, and they turned on King Vortigern.

So instead of fighting for him, they now began to fight against him.

And they brought over more soldiers from two places, called Angles and Jutes.

Now, over time, they began to settle all around Britain.

And the brothers and their warriors weren't the only ones who had their sights set on colonising Britain.

Other Germanic tribes had also began to invade Britain and without Roman protections they proved to be a formidable foe against the Brits.

These invaders are now- are known to us as the Anglo-Saxons, because they come from two competing- they come from two tribes which are called the Angles, as you can see here these are the Angles, and the Saxons.

Now other invaders were the Jutes, the Franks, the Frisians, and they come from places such as modern-day Denmark, modern-day- sorry, modern-day Holland, Denmark, and Germany.

So, you've got a true or false question.

Use my prompt to write a full sentence as well.

So after defeating the Picts, Hengest and Horsa they left- Okay let's check and see if you got that answer right.

So after Romans left in 410 A.

, King Vortigern was left in charge of much of Britannia.

Awesome job guys.

Well done.

So Hengest and Horsa they fought the Picts as they had agreed.

However they then decided that they wanted to stay in Britannia and they turned on King Vortigern, oh my goodness.

So they went from fighting for him to fighting against him.

And they brought over more soldiers from Angles and Jutes.

And over time they began to settle all around Britain.

Now the brothers and their warriors weren't the only ones who had their sights set on colonising Britain.

Other Germanic tribes had also been invading Britain for some time and without Roman protection they proved to be a formidable force against the native population.

These invaders are known to us a the Anglo-Saxons.

What are they known as? The Anglo-Saxons, good job.

Because the two biggest invading tribes were the Angles, who came from this place, and the Saxons, who came from this tribe.

Now they weren't the only ones.

Other invaders were the Jutes, the Fanks, and the Frisians.

So here we've got the Jutes, the Franks, and the Frisians and they come from modern-day Holland, Denmark, and Germany.

Now we've got a true or false question.

I always love these tough tasks.

So after defeating the Picts, Hengest and Horsa left Britannia and went back home.

Is that true or is that false? Hmm, did they go back home after defeating the Picts? I'm not sure.

I'm going to let you tell me what the answer is.

Are you ready? Have a go.

Great job guys, let's have a look.

Ready.

After defeating the Picts Hengest and Horsa left Britannia and went back home.

Is that true or is that false? That was false.

After defeating the Picts, Hengest and Horsa decided to stay in Britannia and they fought against King Vortigern.

Awesome job guys.

Well done.

Now let's have a look and see what happened a little bit later.

So many of Britain's new inhabitants, they preferred to live in small villages.

And as a result, places that had thrived under Roman rule, such as Londinium, they became much smaller and less important, and some Roman towns became completely abandoned.

Now the Anglo-Saxons set up a new town, just west of Londinium, called Lundenwick.

And in 597 A.

, Christian missionaries arrived, bringing with them their new faith.

Christianity grew stronger in Anglo-Saxon Britain, and in around 604 A.

, a cathedral was founded in London, named after the apostle Saint Paul.

And this cathedral became known as Saint Paul's Cathedral.

And there is still a cathedral on this site.

At it's peak in the late 8th century, Londinium's population was around 10,000 people.

And modest buildings were made out of wood and they had thatched roofs.

Now let's complete the sentence then.

The Anglo-Saxons built a new town near Londinium called, hm.

What was the new town called? Have a think, have a go.

Okay, do you remember the name of the town that the Anglo-Saxons built near Londinium? It also begins with a lu- it begins with an L.

Ready? So the Anglo-Saxons built a new town- a new town near Londinium called Lundenwick.

Well done guys.

Amazing work.

Now this last part struck London in 842 A.

, went the Danish Vikings looted London.

The Viking conquest of Britain led it to split into different kingdoms. We had Northumbria, East Anglia, Mercia, and Wessex.

Now London acted as the meeting point between these different kingdoms, as well as very important Roman roads.

And thanks to the river Thames it was seen as a gateway to the rest of the world, and as result, London was conquered many times by the different kingdoms. King Alfred the Great, the king of Wessex, he conquered London in 886 A.

And King Alfred repaired the walls of the old Roman town, deciding it was the best way to protect the city from future Viking raids.

So in which year did King Alfred conquer London? King Alfred conquered London in- was it in 842 A.

or in 866- 886 A.

? Which one is it? Have a think and then have another go.

Okay let's see if you got it right, ready? So in which year did Alfred the Great conquer London? It was in 886, well done.

So it was B.

So King Alfred the Great conquered London in 886 A.

Remember that King Alfred was the king of Wessex.

Now let's continue with Anglo-Saxon London.

Between 1013 and 1014 A.

the Danes, which were led by Kind Sweyn Forkbeard- that's a funny name- they lay siege to and eventually they completely- they captured London.

And they caused Aethelred the Unready, which was the king of Wessex, to flee.

Now Aethelred returned in the spring of 1014 A.

, and he was backed by his ally King Olaf of Norway.

And their forces attacked on boats up the river Thames.

Now King Forkbeards forces, they lined up on London Bridge to pelt them with spears and other missiles as they approached, however they were unsuccessful in their defence.

He was unsuccessful in the defence of the city.

So remember that at the beginning in 1013 and 1014, the Danes, who were led by Kind Sweyn Forkbeard, they captured London.

Aethelred the Unready he flees, but he comes back.

He doesn't give up, he comes back.

He makes an alliance with King Olaf of Norway, they attack on boats up the river Thames, and then they capture the city back from Forkbeard.

Now, here's my question.

Who did Aethelred the Unready make an alliance with in order to attempt to recapture London? You can use my prompt.

So you can say Kind Aethelred the Unready made an alliance with- Have a go.

Pause the video now to complete this task.

Okay let's see your wonderful answers.

Are you ready? Ready to show them? Okay who did Aethelred the Unready make an alliance with in order to attempt to recapture London? So my answer is King Aethelred the Unready made an alliance with King Olaf II of Norway.

Awesome job guys.

Well done.

Now the Vikings and the Saxons they ruled jointly until 1042 A.

, until a man named Edward the Confessor became king of both the Vikings and the Saxons.

Now Edward the Confessor, he built a wooden palace at Westminster in London.

And this palace was really close to his new abbey where all kings and queens of England have been crowned ever since.

Now one of the sources from which we have learnt about the Anglo-Saxon rulers is called the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles which were mostly written during the reign of Alfred the Great.

So here you've got a sentence that you've got to complete.

So it says Edward the Confessor built a wooden, hmm, in Westminster.

What was the thing that he build in Westminster? Have a think and then complete that sentence now.

Pause the video to complete your task.

Okay let's check it.

You ready? Look, Edward the Confessor built a wooden palace in Westminster.

Awesome job guys.

Well done.

Let's keep going.

Now let's move on to Norman London, because we have Anglo-Saxon London, we're going to move on to Norman London now.

Now when King Edward the Confessor died in 1066 A.

, he left no heirs which meant that there was a war for the English clown, there was a war- for the English crown, there was a war to see who would become the King of England.

And William the Duke of Normandy won the fight for the crown and he marched on from the Battle of Hastings all the way to London.

And William Duke of Normandy, he was crowned King at Westminster Abbey on the 25th of December 1066.

And he became known as William the Conqueror.

What did he become known as? William the Conqueror.

Well done.

Now William didn't waste any time and he decides to build three military camps in London to keep control of the city.

One of these military camps eventually became known as the Tower of London.

And William and his successor built the White Tower.

Now let's have a look at this one.

So in this one you've got to complete the sentence.

So it says William I built three military camps around London, one of them became known as the- hmm, there's two missing words there.

Remember that William I also became known as William the Conqueror.

So complete that sentence.

Make sure you pause the video to complete this task.

Okay let's see if you got it right.

I know that you did.

Ready? So William I build three military camps around London one of them became known as the Tower of London.

Awesome job guys.

You're really impressing me today.

Let's keep going through Norman London.

Now, William II, who was William the Conqueror's son, he started building- he started on the great hall at the Palace of Westminster.

And in 1176 A.

London's first known bridge was built across the River Thames.

Around 1190 A.

London had it's first mayor, and this man was known as- was Henry Fitz Aylwin.

And after a fire destroyed large parts of the city in 1212 A.

the mayor mandated, he ruled, he made the law that said that all buildings had to be built out of stone.

However he didn't have much power in order to enforce this.

Now this is the really crucial part because when we come to know about the Great Fire of London, that's going to be a huge influence on what happened then.

So in this one you're going to answer the question.

So it says what law did London's first mayor make in regards to the city's buildings? So in my answer- in your answer you could say London's first mayor Henry Fitz Aylwin legislated that- what rule did he make about London buildings after the fire of 1212 A.

? Have a think and then have a go.

Pause the video and complete your task.

Okay let's see if you remember what Henry Fitz Aylwin legislated that- So what law did London's first mayor make in regards to the city's buildings? So London's first mayor, Henry Fitz Aylwin, legislates that all of London's buildings be built out of stone.

Remember that he passed this law after a fire destroyed large parts of the city in 1212 A.

So he decided that actually, it's not really safe to build- to have our buildings made out of wood.

Let's build them out of stone.

So that was the law that he passed.

However he didn't really have the power, he didn't really have the resources in order to make sure that people follow this law, and as a result people kept building their homes out of wood.

Now let's continue our journey through Norman London.

Now by the 13th century London had a population of 80,000 people, making it one of the largest cities in the whole of Europe.

This was facilitated by lead pipes bringing in fresh water.

Now during this time London became home to England's first parliament where laws were discussed and enacted.

And during the 14th century London was afflicted by the Black Death, which was a plague brought over by rats on ships from Europe.

Now this bubonic plague wiped out half of all Londoners in just 18 months and it took 150 years for the population of London to recover.

Now let's complete the sentence.

So after the Black Death, it took around years for London's population to recover.

So how many years did it take for London's population to recover after the Black Death? Have a go.

Pause the video to complete your task.

Okay let's see if you got it right.

You ready? It's quite a big number actually.

So after the Black Death it took around 150 years for London's population to recover.

Remember that after the Black Death around half of London's population died, so it took around 150 years for the population to fully recover.

Now let's move on to Tudor London.

King Henry VII became king in 1485 A.

and he began the Tudor dynasty.

And during the reign of the Tudors London grew in importance becoming an important centre of trade and government.

By the end of the Tudor era 200,000 people lived in the city of London.

Now King Henry VIII, who was the son of King Henry VII, commissioned the Palace of Saint James, and during the reign of Elizabeth, Queen Elizabeth I, the Globe Theatre was opened, and many of Shakespeare's plays were performed there.

A reconstruction, known as Shakespeare's Globe, was built close to it's original location.

So the Globe Theatre, unfortunately it was destroyed in the fire and many years later a reconstruction was made, which is called Shakespeare's Globe.

Now during the Tudor dynasty the river Thames grew in importance as Britain's Navy was expanded.

Dockyards were built and ships were sent to explore the world.

And that is the end of the lesson my friends.

Well done for all of your hard work.

So there.

It's now time to complete your end of lesson quiz.

As always if you like to, please ask your parent or carer to share your work.

You can do it on Instagram, you can do it on Facebook, you can do it on Twitter.

You go tag @OakNational and the hashtag is #LearnwithOak, that's right.

But make sure that you ask your parent or your carer to do that for you.

Awesome job guys.

Well done.

I'm really proud of you.

Make sure you do your end of lesson quiz and I shall see you in our next lesson.

Good bye.

I've finished the video