Lesson video

Let's get started on our lesson today.

Our lesson question today is what are the steps in the rock cycle? We've actually already learned all of the steps of the rock cycle in our previous lessons.

We've learned how igneous rock is made, how metamorphic rock is made, how sedimentary rock is made.

And we've learned about the processes that can change rock such as erosion and weathering.

So those are all the steps.

However, in today's lesson, we're going to learn how all those steps fit together in a cycle and how they affect and impact each other.

In today's lesson, you will need a piece of paper, a pencil, a colouring pencil, and a ruler.

You might want more than one colouring pencil today.

And there might even be some opportunity to use some colouring pens if you so wish.

You may also prefer to use a plain piece of paper today as opposed to lined paper.

That's because we're effectively say we're going to be creating a poster, but it's completely up to you and whatever paper that whatever paper you have will do just fine.

We're also going to need these star words, which we should be familiar with by now.

So we have our three types of rock, metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous.

Then we've also got weathering and erosion, which are two of our rock processes the how rocks can change.

And we'll recap those in a second.

And magma, can you remember what magma is? If you can't turn up your screen.

Magma is molten rock.

Now in today's lesson, we are going to be following a slightly different lesson structure than we normally would.

So we'll start with a bit of recap like we always do, but then the rest of the lesson is going to be us building our rock cycle together.

So at the end of the lesson, we'll have a poster which shows the whole of the rock cycle, and I'm going to do it under the visualizer with you step by step.

However, in between each step, I am going to use jellybeans to model what is happening in each step of the rock cycle, okay? So we'll be able to watch the model and then we'll do a bit of rock cycle work.

That's what it's going to look like.

I will say with the jelly bean demonstration, that this is not a demonstration that you should be doing yourself at home, okay? This one requires cooking.

If you are really desperate to give it a go, then you would definitely, definitely need to check with a parent or carer before you do any of it.

And it's not the kind of demo that you can do along with the lesson.

It would have to be done outside the lesson in your own time, okay? So you're just going to watch me do the demonstration today, and then we'll both do the work together.

So, let's start with our recap.

I'm going to show you the picture for each of our main types of rock.

And I want you to write down how each type is made.

So start by writing down, how is igneous rock made? Just make yourself some rough notes on your papers.

Use the picture to see what you can remember.

And if you have already done your pre-lesson quiz and got the answers right, then you can use the definition from there.

Great, the next rock type is metamorphic rock.

There's a picture to help you remember look.

Sorry I skipped ahead, okay.

Write down how you think a metamorphic rock is made.

Then our next rock type is sedimentary rock, okay? So we're going to be looking at these throughout the lesson.

Igneous rock is made when molten lava or magma cools down and solidifies into rock.

Metamorphic rock, that's the kind of rock that we need to start with either igneous or sedimentary.

And it changes when we apply heat or pressure.

And then sedimentary rock is made of less of sediment that build on top of each other and the pressure causes them to compact.

Okay, well done if you remembered those.

We're also going to quickly recap two of our processes from last lesson, weathering and erosion.

Have a look at the picture of weathering.

It might give you a clue as to what we meant by weathering.

Can you remember the definition? If you can write it down and say it to your screen.

This is the process when rock is broken down into smaller and smaller pieces.

So this is going to be important in our rock cycle later.

Then we have erosion.

Erosion is what happens after weathering.

So the rock gets broken into smaller pieces.

And then what happens in those pieces, see if the picture can jog your memory.

Write it down and say it to your screen.

Great, so erosion is the processes that remove rock or move rock from one location and transport it to another.

In case the first, the rock gets broken into smaller pieces, then it gets moved to another location.

Now we are going to start with our rock cycle.

Okay, you're going to start now a new piece of paper.

So you might want to use plain paper because it will be easier to draw a cycle on, but whatever paper that you have is fine, okay? I would also suggest that maybe as we're going through the lesson, you make a first draught of your rock cycles that maybe you do in pencil and you can do quite roughly.

And then at the end of the video, you might want to redraft your rock cycle and do it nicely and neat.

That's what I done already.

So this was my first draught, just so I can see how everything would lay out on the page.

And now I'm going to do my neat version with you guys.

Okay, as we're going to, I'm going to show you.

We're going to start just by writing the title in the middle of our page, okay? So I would turn your page landscape like this.

So length ways that will give you the most space.

And right at the top of the page in the middle, we are going to write our title, which is the rock cycle.

Okay, and then I'm going to underline my title so that it is nice and neat.

Pause the video and write your title now.

I'm in my kitchen and I've got my jelly beans.

So I'm going to start with demonstrating how we form our first type of rock in our rock cycle.

My jelly beans are going to represent small pieces of rock called sediment.

Can you remember what is the type of rock that starts off as sediment? Great, sedimentary rock.

So we're going to use jelly beans to see how sedimentary rock is formed.

Okay, I'm going to fit to my visualizer so that you can see I've just got some tinfoil here so that I don't make a huge mess, and also 'cause I'm going to need that later, okay? So I'm going to lay some of my jelly beans up.

These aren't my individual rock sediments.

Now, in order to make sedimentary rock, I need to apply a pressure to them because in sedimentary rock the pressure of the sediments on top, sorry, the weight of the sediments on top pushes down on the sediments at the bottom and pushes them closer together.

And I'm also going to need to create a kind of glue to hold them together because in sedimentary rock formation, that pressure causes crystals to form in between the sediments and sticks them together like glue kind of like cements in a brick.

So I'm going to use some flour and some honey in order to form my glue.

Okay, so I'm going to put some flour put in here, I'm going to put my sediments in here, and I'm going to put some honey in.

Okay, so that's going to be my glue.

And then I'm going to use my hands to form the pressure that's going to stick these together.

Now you can see that this is very messy, so we might have to have a bit of trial and error here.

So yeah, definitely starting to stick together, but it needs some more flour and I'm going to keep applying pressure until I get them.

Here we go, starting to fall into one solid piece.

I don't want them to be separate sediments.

There we go.

So they're starting to stay in one solid sticky ball.

I'm going to see if I can get them all in.

So here we've got our solid piece of sedimentary rock.

We're going to flick back to the other part of the video so that we can add sedimentary rock to our diagram.

Let's add sedimentary rock.

So we're going to write the heading sedimentary rock.

Again in the middle of our page.

So just under rock cycle.

Sedimentary rock.

Okay, so pause the video and do that for me now.

Great, then what I'm going to do is I'm going to draw myself a box to write my sedimentary rock notes in.

So I'm going to draw the first line for my box just underneath sedimentary rock, but I'm going to expand the line past the title, okay? And then I'm going to draw about five centimetres.

On this side and the same on this side.

It doesn't have to be exact.

And in fact, I'm not going to draw the bottom of my box yet just in case I need more room than I think I do.

Let's fill in our notes.

This is where we're going to draw our notes for our sedimentary rock section.

So this will be like an informative poster when we're finished, that anybody could read and they'd be able to understand the rock cycle.

So the first thing that we're going to do is we're going to write down the steps for forming sedimentary rock.

We learned in our sedimentary rock class and that there were three steps.

Can you remember what they were? The first step was called sedimentation.

So I'm going to write sedimentation and then colon and I'm going to explain what sedimentation is.

So this is when small pieces of rock build up in layers.

Okay, and actually I might I just wait and take a different colour.

Underline sedimentation there, just to make it really clear that that's the name of the set.

The small pieces of rock built up in layers.

Then what happens to those pieces of rock? Can you remember what the second stack is called? Begins with a C, it's called compaction.

And this is when the weight of the sediments on top push sediments, push all the sediments closer together.

Okay, so the weight of sediments on top, push the sediments closer together.

Okay, pause the video and just catch up with me now.

Great, I'm going to take a different colour to underline my next step.

If you don't have any colours as I do don't worry you can also your work out in a slightly different way if you decide to.

And it's a good thing I left the bottom of my box because actually I have some more to write.

The third step that's been all of the sediments stick together.

Can you remember what that's called? If you think about what sticks bricks together in a building that might remind you, it's cool to segmentation awesome if you remember it.

And this is when crystals form between layers of rock, which stick them together.

Crystal's form between layers of rock, which stick them together.

Pause the video and add this definition of segmentation to your poster.

Great, so now there's one more thing we can add just before we close our box on sedimentary rock.

We can add a diagram or a picture to help with our explanation.

So normally I would draw my diagrams in pencil, but I'm going to use pen so you can see really clearly what I'm doing.

I'm going to draw some circles to represent my sediments.

And I'm going to draw an arrow to show that they are being pushed down and that the force of them is pushing them together.

Okay, and you can even add labels to your diagram to make them even more clear, right.

There we go now, we have finished our sedimentary rock box.

Okay, I've washed my hands and now we're ready to make our next type of rock.

So we have here a big lump of sedimentary rock.

I'm going to apply heat pressure to the sedimentary rock.

So what type of rock am I going to make next? Metamorphic rock, great.

Okay, so now I'm going to use my tinfoil and I'm going to wrap my sedimentary rock up.

I'm going to apply pressure, by pushing down really hard.

Oop, I pushed down too hard and I've broken the tinfoil, okay.

I'm going to apply pressure by pushing down hard on my sedimentary rock.

And then I'm going to wrap it up and I'm going to apply heat by putting in the open for about half an hour.

So I'm going to put it in my oven for about half an hour to apply heat to my sedimentary rock.

While I'm waiting for my rock to heat up, I've got some Spanish jelly beans.

So I'm just going to have a quick jelly bean break.

Okay, so it's been 30 minutes so I can take my metamorphic rock out of the oven.

I've also allowed some extra time to let it cool.

So let me show you what it looks like now.

Okay, so it started to rip open the tinfoil and you can see already, it looks very different to the kind of jelly beans smashed that we've put in originally.

So the heat and pressure has changed the composition with my sedimentary rock, into my metamorphic rock.

Okay, and you can still see some of the like jelly beans chunks the original chunks of sediment in this mixture.

Let's add metamorphic rock to our diagram.

We're going to go to around halfway down our page where I've accidentally started to write igneous rock.

But that's okay.

I've made a mistake.

I'm just going to cross it out neatly and I'm going to write metamorphic rock.

So we're going to add metamorphic rock to our diagram here.

So, about halfway down this page, we have metamorphic rock.

And again, we're going to start to draw a box where we're going to write our metamorphic rock notes.

We're not going to need quite as much room for this one as we did for sedimentary rock.

I'm still going to leave it open at the end, in case I need more room than I think, okay? Here, we're going to write in how metamorphic rock is made.

You can use your own words.

Think about the demonstration that I've just shown you.

And you might want to include a diagram as well.

Have a go pause the video and write your metamorphic rock box for me now.

Great, so your section for metamorphic rock might look something like this.

If you want to pause the video and add anything to yours, then go for it, pause the video and do that now.

Great, we're going to talk about something else to add to our diagram now.

And I'm going to take a different coloured pen because we need to draw an arrow to connect our sedimentary rock to our metamorphic rock.

And we need to label this arrow is the processes that take place to change sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock.

So what are we going to label that arrow? There's actually a clue in my diagram here.

Great, we're going to label it heat and pressure because it's heat and pressure that change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock, okay? So sedimentary into metamorphic is heat and pressure.

Pause the video and add that arrow in now.

Now what I need to do is what, we need to get with the tinfoil off yet.

And then I need to take my metamorphic rock and turn it into igneous rock.

Now igneous rock is formed from my magma, or lava which is molten or melted rock.

So I need to minor solid metamorphic rock and I need to melt it.

So I'm going to do that by placing it in some boiling water.

So I'm going to do that now.

So I'm putting my chunks of metamorphic rock into my boiling water, which is re representing magma in the earth's mantle.

So when my metamorphic rock reaches the earth's mantle and comes into contact with the hot molten magma it melts, and it also becomes hot molten magma.

I've got a little bit of tinfoil in there but that's okay.

So, my metamorphic rock is now boiled down and it's forming bubbling magma, and now we need to form our igneous rock.

So remember igneous rock is formed when magma or lava cools.

So I'm going to cool my metamorphic rock, sorry.

I'm going to cool my magma, which was my metamorphic rock into another container.

And I'll lift it up and show you that in a second.

Okay, so now I've got my liquid magma in here and we're going to leave this cool so that it forms my igneous rock.

Our magma has now cooled to form igneous rock.

So you can see that as it's cooled it formed a solid.

And now we have, our igneous rock.

There we go.

That's the end of a jelly bean demonstration.

So you can see how with heat and pressure and what those different processes we could turn our sediment or jelly bean at the beginning into three different kinds of rock.

Let's add igneous rock, the last type of rock to our diagram.

So now we're going to go to this side of our page and about halfway down, we're going to write a heading for igneous rock.

Okay, and again, we're going to draw books for our information.

And again, I'm going to leave the bottom off until I see how much I've written.

In this books, I would like you please to think about the demonstration.

Think about what you've learned and write your information in here about how igneous rock is formed.

You might also like to include a diagram.

And I wonder if you can challenge yourself to think back to our very first lesson and see if you can remember, anything to write about intrusive or extrusive igneous rock.

Those are two different rock types for igneous rock.

Pause the video and complete your igneous rock section now please.

So your box might look something like mine.

I haven't included a diagram, but well done if you did.

I've written formed when lava or magma cools and solidifies.

Intrusive formed inside the earth and has big crystals.

Except I've just noticed that I spelt crystals wrong.

So I'm going to go back and correct that.

So your teachers make mistakes too.

And I'm just going to put a neat line through it.

Crystals, crystals there we go.

So intrusive are formed inside the earth and has big crystals and extrusive formed outside the earth and has small crystals.

If you want to add any more information to your igneous rock box, then just pause the video and complete that for me now, please.

Okay, now I would like us to talk about the processes that get metamorphic rock to igneous rock.

So what is this arrow going to be? That leads us from metamorphic rock to igneous metamorphic rock, to igneous rock, okay? With metamorphic rock, we have to get from a solid rock to magma or lava and then it needs to cool and solidify to form igneous rock.

So what process did we learn about in our last lesson that might cause metamorphic rock to melt? Can you remember? It was large earth movements.

Now remember the earth crust, the layer of earth called the crust is made up of tectonic plates that move past each other.

And sometimes when they move past each other, that might mean that one of the plates goes underneath the other one.

And that means that that solid rock on that plate is going into the mantle and it's melting.

It's becoming molten, magma.

So that might happen to metamorphic rock.

It might and become molten magma in the mantle.

So here we can write for our processes.

We need to label them.

We can write large earth movements, rock melts to form magma.

Okay, that's what's going on there.

So that's how we get from metamorphic rock to igneous rock.

Pause the video and write that in for me now, please.

Great, now we need to think about this process.

How do we get from igneous rock to sedimentary rock? What processes have we learned about that break a piece of rock into smaller and smaller pieces because that's what we start with in sedimentary rock.

We start with sedimentation, which is small pieces of rock.

So how are we going to break this big igneous rock into smaller and smaller pieces? Can you remember the names of the processes? You learned about two processes? Great they're weathering and erosion.

That's what breaks rocks up into smaller and smaller pieces.

So now we have our complete rock cycle.

You can see how we can get from how sedimentary rock is made, then how heat and pressure turn it into metamorphic rock.

And then large earth movements cause that metamorphic rock to turn back into magma.

Then igneous rock is formed when that magma cools and solidifies.

And then we get all the way back ground to sedimentary rock.

When that igneous rock is broken down into smaller and smaller pieces through weathering and erosion.

So well done, that is our whole rock cycle.

However, we have a few more things to add.

Because it is not just a simple circle.

What we learned about metamorphic rock and actually even says it here in our definition.

It says formed when heat and pressure inside the earth change sedimentary or igneous rock.

Hmm, okay so we've drawn our arrow for sedimentary rock, but we also can form metamorphic rock from igneous rock.

So we're going to have to add an arrow through the middle like this.

You might want to use a different colour for this.

And again, I'm going to label my process so I know why we're having a change here.

So this is heat and pressure, There we go.

What about, let's have a think about our other rocks.

Can metamorphic rock be broken down into sediment to form sedimentary rock? Yes, it can by the same processes by weathering and erosion.

So we can add another arrow in here because these small sediments that are broken up by plant roots or by the wind or rain or rivers, they can start from igneous rock or metamorphic rock.

So we can add another arrow in here.

And we're going to need to write weathering.

I have left myself enough room there and erosion.

There we go.

Pause the video if you need to get either of those arrows in.

And then there's one more arrow that we can draw in.

I wonder if you can spot it.

So we can make sedimentary rock from igneous rock or metamorphic rock.

We can make metamorphic rock from sedimentary rock or igneous rock.

What about igneous rock? At the moment, we've only written that we can make it from metamorphic rock.

And that happens when large earth movements and the rock melts to form magma.

Could that also happen with sedimentary rock? Yes it could.

Sedimentary rock could also be on the tectonic boundary and could also go underneath the crust into the mantle where it would form magma.

So we can put our last arrow in here and I haven't left myself enough room mass.

Actually, what I might do is I might follow up here.

And I might put an orange star by this.

And then also I write an orange star here to show that this is also large earth movements and rock melts to form magma.

So, there we have it, our complete rock cycle.

Well, you have worked so hard today.

I hope it's been satisfying to see the learning from our whole unit come together in our whole rock cycle.

And hopefully you can now see how it is looked.