Lesson video

Hello again everybody, it is so lovely to see you back for our next science lesson.

For those of you who are just joining us, or for those of you who might have forgotten, my name is Miss Simkin, and I am going to be your Oak Academy science teacher.

I hope that you've all had a really lovely week, and I want to show you something that I've been up to this week.

So this week, I've been doing some planting.

So I've planted two little crops here, they haven't started to grow yet, but this one is going to be a basil plant, and this one is going to be forget-me-knots, which are like small little blue flowers.

And so we'll have to check back in a couple of weeks and see if my planting has made any progress.

And I've also, repotted this, which is my little beam sprout.

So it started off as just a seed and this little tube here.

And it's now gotten big enough for me to put in its own pot.

So this is going to grow into a plant.

Hopefully that will give me some peas so we can check on that one in the next couple of weeks as well.

So let's get down to our lesson.

Today, we are going to look at the lesson question what are the different animal kingdoms, okay? So let me show you what we are going to need for this lesson.

We are going to need this lesson, a piece of paper or some lined paper.

You can use an exercise book or any scrap of paper that you have around.

You will also need a pencil, a colouring pencil.

If you would like to mark your answers in a different colour and a rule us that we can make our tables really meet.

This is what the structure of our lesson is going to look like today.

We're going to start with some recap.

Like we always do, of our last two lessons.

Then we're going to look at the five kingdoms. Then we're going to look at vertebrates and invertebrates.

Then we're going to zoom in on the animal kingdom.

And then we're going to look at something called evolutionary trees.

Sorry, let's start with our star words.

Remember our star words are our key vocabulary for the lesson.

The ones that are underlined are the ones that we'll go through now.

And then the, other words that aren't underlined, we'll learn as we go on throughout the lesson.

So our first star word today is classification.

So I'm going to say the word, and then I'm going to point to the screen and say your turn and you need to practise saying it with me, classification.

Great classification is the gripping of organisms based on their, similarities.

So it's how we group things together.

Characteristics your turn.

Great characteristics as a key word from our last lessons and a characteristic is the physical feature of an organism.

So for example, hair colour, or eye colour.

Warm-blooded your turn.

Warm blooded animals are the kinds of animals that can keep a constant body temperature.

We're going to look a little bit more at that in the lesson.

Cold blooded, your turn.

Cold-blooded animals are animals that take on the temperature of their surroundings.

So if their surroundings are hot, then their body temperature will be hot.

And if their surroundings are cold, then their body temperature will be cold.

And then our next three star words are vertebrates, your turn.

Invertebrates your turn.

And evolutionary trees your turn.

Well done, so let's start with our recap and see what you can remember from our last two lessons.

Well done if you've already had a go at the pre-lesson quiz, the questions and the answers will come up in this recap as well.

So if you've got anything wrong, that's okay.

You can revise with me now.

So variation, if you can remember what variation is say it to your screen.

Variation is the differences between organisms. So variation is differences.

What's variation, differences.

Can you remember what the definition of evolution is, if you can say it to your screen.

Let's see if you were correct.

It is the process by which living things gradually change over time.

Well done if you remembered that.

So each lesson we're going to come back to this idea of evolution.

The theory of evolution, it says that not all of species, are exactly the same there's variation between them.

So for example, with our finches, they might have different shaped beaks, but the individuals that are best adapted, are most likely to survive.

So the Finch with the best shape to eat the food in its environment is most likely to survive.

And those best adapted individuals will go on to reproduce and create their own offspring.

So their own children that have the same adaptations.

So the same beaks in this example, as them.

Whereas the finches who don't have the good adaptations, they will be less likely to survive.

And that means over time and when we talk about evolution, it's a really long period of time, millions and millions of years, the characteristics that help survival will become more common.

And the characteristics that are don't have survival.

So that are not so well adapted are going to become less common.

And if we give it enough time, then a whole new species can evolve.

This was the focus of our last lesson the fossil record.

Tell your screen if you can remember what the fossil record is, use the picture to help if you need.

Great, the fossil record is a collection of fossils found across different ages of rock.

So we learnt last lesson that the newest rock contains the newest fossils, and that's at the top, the surface and the oldest rock contains the oldest fossils and they are deeper down there at the bottom.

And this fossil record can be used as evidence for evolution.

Well done if you remember that.

Now we are going to start our new learning and we are going to learn all about the five kingdoms. This is a picture that shows us the five different kingdoms. So all living things that exist have been put into categories.

That's what classification is.

It's putting, living things into categories or groups, depending on the kinds of characteristics that they have.

So when one group has lots of similar characteristics, then we put them in the same category.

are called kingdoms, what are they called? Kingdoms, and there are five kingdoms. And you can see on our diagram, it's like a pie chart.

So each segment is one of the kingdoms. So we have the animal kingdom, the plant kingdom, the fungi kingdom, the prokaryotes, that word's quite hard to say, try it with me.

Prokarotes, your turn, prokaryotes.

Great, and protists That's have a go at that one too protists your turn.

So those are our five kingdoms. Now the prokaryotes.

The prokaryotes and the protists might be the ones that you haven't heard before.

That's because or seen before that's because these two groups are micro organism.

A micro organism is a type of organism.

So a type of living thing that is so small, we can't see it with naked eye.

In fact, we need a microscope to see a micro organism.

So that prefix micro nim mini tiny.

And these groups, the prokaryotes and the protists of micro organisms contain things like bacteria and viruses.

Then we have the animal kingdom, which we will be much more familiar with because we are in the animal kingdom.

Humans belong to the animal kingdom.

And this group contains organisms that eat each other.

Like whales or rabbits.

They have to consume other organisms in order to get to their food.

Then we have the kingdom of the plants.

These are organisms that create that own food, using sunlight, like trees or flowers.

Well, my little friend, my pea plant here, he's going to create his own food.

And he's in a different kingdom to you and I.

Then last we have the fungi.

This is the group that includes things like mushrooms, which you might have eaten before.

You might see if you go on a walk and things like yeast, which is a type of fungus that we put in bread and fungi grow from the remains of other organisms. So that's how they get their food.

They grow from the decaying remains of other organisms. Have one last look at the screen because I'm going to see if you can remember all five of the kingdoms. Take a mental picture in your head before I change it.

Three, two, one, here we go.

On your piece of paper or your notebook, whatever you're using, could you please add the correct labels in to this diagram? You don't have to draw it you can just write number one.

And then the name of the animal kingdom that you think has been replaced by the label number one.

To help you with your spellings.

I put the missing labels on the side.

So protests have been done for you.

Can you figure out the labels for one, two, three and four? You can pause the video and answer those questions now.

Great, let's see if you work, correct.

This is the correct answer so number one, animals.

Number two, plants, number three, fungi.

Number four, prokaryotes.

Well done if you've got all of those rights, you can give yourself a big tick.

And if you made a mistake, that's okay.

Just correct your answers now, before we move on.

In the part of our lesson, we're going to look at vertebrates and invertebrates.

So I should say we are zooming in to the section of the animal kingdom, to the section of the kingdoms, which is the animal kingdom.

So now we're just focusing on the animal kingdom.

So with classification, your groups can get smaller and smaller and you can keep dividing them.

So these are our five main groups of living organisms. And now we're going to zoom into the animal kingdom.

And we're going to look at how we can split the organisms in the animal kingdom into two other groups.

And those groups are vertebrates and invertebrates.

So we have our group of the animal kingdom, and then we can split it into the invertebrates and the invertebrates.

Here we go, here's a picture.

Now you might already be familiar with what these groups mean.

If you know already what a vertebra or an invertebrate is then well done tell it to your screen now.

Great, if you don't know that's okay, 'cause I'm going to tell you.

A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone.

So we have a backbone.

We are vertebrates and your backbone is also called your spine.

And it's the stack of bones that go right down the middle of your back.

So you can see a picture on the side that shows the vertebrate building up like this.

And I would like you all now to feel your own backbone.

So wrap your hand up and down your back right in the middle.

Can you feel something hard right along the middle.

And in fact, in certain places, you might even be able to feel the bumps because your backbone is made of lots of individual bones stacked on top of each other called vertebra.

They're called vertebra your turn.

So can you feel the individual vertebra in your back? And that's why we called vertebrates because we have those vertebra, I can feel mine.

Now, there are lots of different kinds of animals that vertebrates, it's not just humans.

Fish are also vertebrates.

Amphibians things like frogs of vertebrates reptiles, including the snake you can see in that picture is a vertebrae.

And so our birds and other mammals.

Have a look at the skeleton on the left-hand side of the screen it shows you and vertebrae, can you guess from the skeleton what animal it is, if you know, tell your screen great.

It's a dog, so dog is an example of a mammal that, has a backbone just like us.

Our next group is invertebrate.

So you're either a vertebrate or an invertebrate.

If you don't have a backbone, then you are invertebrate.

What are you if you don't have a back bone? An invertebrate, great invertebrate either have a soft body.

So like worms or jellyfish or the rather funky looking green caterpillar that we have a picture of, or they have an hard outer casing.

That's not made of bone.

So an example of an animal like that is the crab that we have in our picture or lobster, something like that.

So we can keep dividing our groups.

So we started with the animal kingdom.

Then we split into the vertebrates and the invertebrates.

Now we're going to look at the vertebrate group and we're going to see the different ways that the vertebrates group splits off.

So I wonder if you already know what some of these groups are.

There are five groups that we split the vertebrates into and I've labelled them on the screen.

There's a picture to give you a prompt.

And I wonder if you know, what each group in the animal kingdom is called.

I would like you to have a guess and just give it a go.

I'll give you the correct answers later.

So it's not a problem if you make a mistake and write on your piece of people one, and then what you think, the group that one is labelled.

The what label you think should be for group one? You can pause the video and answer the questions now.

Great let's see if you got those, correct? Did you get one was fish.

Two was amphibians, three was reptiles.

Four was birds and five was mammals, if you did well done, if not that's okay because we are going to spend the rest of the lesson, looking at each of these groups in detail.

I would like you please, just to take a moment to check your spellings and your answers, especially amphibians.

That's a tricky one the ph in amphibians is a P H.

So can you just pause the video and, collect sorry, correct your spelling of those words now.

Great, let's take a look then at each part of our animal kingdom.

So within the animal kingdom, we have five main types of categories of vertebrate that exist.

And we tell the difference between them by their characteristics.

So the five kingdoms, we've just gone through our fish, mammals, reptiles, birds, and amphibians.

And they're grouped that way because fish have similar characteristics.

And mammals are different to fish and they have their own set of similar characteristics.

We're going to learn now what each of those characteristics for each group is.

Before we begin, I would like you please to draw this table into your paper or into your book so that you can make notes as we're going along.

So you will need quite a lot of space for this table.

It has five columns.

So you might even want to turn your page from portrait to landscape.

And then we have one, two, three about six rows.

You don't need lots of room in each row.

So each one could just be one or two lines.

That should be enough space.

It's important when we do science that we try to be as neat as possible so that other people can read our notes and we can share our work with them.

So can you please use a ruler if you have one and pause the video and copy this table into your piece of paper or your book now, please.

Great, when you're ready, we will keep going.

So before we look at each group, I just want to go through some key vocab of the types of characteristics that we're going to look at in these groups.

Some of it we went through at the beginning of the lesson, but we're going to just go through it again now.

So the first thing I want to look at is warm blooded and cold-blooded.

So an animal can either be cold blooded or warm blooded.

A cold blooded animal is an animal that's body temperature takes on the temperature of its surroundings.

So that means if the temperature of the surroundings are cold, then its body will be cold.

If the temperature of surroundings are hot, then its body will be hot.

Then we have warm blooded animals.

So they are the opposite of cold blooded animals.

warm blooded animals have a constant body temperature.

So their body temperature stays the same.

It might change a teeny tiny amount, a few degrees, but mostly it's a constant body temperature.

We are warm blooded animals.

So our body temperature stays constant.

So our body temperature is nearly, always around 37 degrees.

That's our constant body temperature as humans.

It might change a teeny tiny, but if you're not feeling very well, even if we go outside as humans and it's really, really cold and we really cold, our internal body temperature.

So the body temperature inside of us is not changing.

We might feel cold, but inside our body temperature is still 37 degrees.

So warm blooded animals like humans, or like the ducks in that picture, they have a constant body temperature.

Cold blooded animals had body temperature that changes depending on the temperature of the environment that they are in.

Our next characteristics, the kinds of things that animals are covered in.

So animals could be covered in fur, which is like short fine soft hair.

They could be covered in feathers.

So there's a picture of a feather and feathers have a hollow shaft, which is the long thin thing that you can see in the middle.

And then they have soft light barbs which come off them.

They're the soft bits of the feathers that you can see.

So they always have that shape.

They have a long barb and then lots of small, soft, sorry, a long shaft and then lots of small, soft barbs that come off them.

Or an animal could be covered in scales.

So scales are small thin plates that overlap on each other.

So next, we're going to look at the two ways that animals can give birth to that offspring.

So the first way is they could give birth to live young.

So that's what humans do.

That's what the horse in this picture has done.

And the other way is to lay eggs.

So some animals lay eggs and then their offspring continue to develop inside the egg until they are ready to hatch.

And those eggs can either have hard shells.

I'd like to kind of egg, bird eggs that you might eat, or they could have soft gel like shells, like the bottom picture, which is actually showing frog eggs.

And you can even start to see the little tadpoles that are developing inside of those eggs because they are transparent.

Let's take a look then at our first group of animals.

So our first group of animals is fish.

Now, as I'm going through the slides and the learning about fish, you can start to fill in your table.

So you have a colour for each piece of information.

So let's just flip back quickly and remind ourselves, you have a column for whether they are cold or warm blooded.

So you can write either cold or warm.

Then you have a column for fur, feathers or scales.

So you can write one of those words and then you've got eggs or live young and then examples.

By examples I mean some species examples.

So for example, a species of fish you could write in is a goldfish or a salmon.

And we're going to look at some more examples now.

So are some of the animals that can be grouped as fish, and you can see there's a big range within them.

So you can have small colourful fish like that clown fish in the tank on the side of the screen, or you can have big fish, like sharks.

Sharks are a very famous type of fish.

And they are a type of fish that I have actually seen in the wild.

But luckily only ones that are about this size.

And you can have fish that you find in the ocean, or you can have fish that you find in fresh water.

So ponds or rivers, like the salmon that you can see jumping through the river on the screen.

Fish are cold blooded organisms. So that means they don't control their own body temperature.

They breathe by extracting oxygen from the water as they swim using their gills, which are little slips on the side of them.

They have scales across their skin and they lay eggs.

When they return reproduce.

So here's a recap.

They are cold-blooded, they lay eggs and they have scales.

You can pause the video and fill in your table.

If you haven't had a chance already.

When you are ready, let's move on to our next group.

Our next group of animals are the mammals the group that we belong to.

So mammals can live both on land and in the sea.

So dolphins are examples of Marine mammals as are whales.

and like us they need to breathe by drawing, into their lungs.

So even animals that live in the sea need to breathe by drawing air into their lungs.

So to do that, they need to come to the surface to get that air and Marine mammals have a little hole on the top of there that head called a blow hole.

And that's the bit that they let breach from the water.

And that's how they draw out into their lungs.

Mammals are warm-blooded.

So they have a constant body temperature and they have either hair or fur.

All mammals give birth to offspring that are alive and mammal babies are given milk by their mothers to help them when they are born.

So you've got a monkey and I kept some more examples of mammals on the screen.

I wonder if you can think of some different examples to put in your table.

So to recap, mammals give birth to live young.

They have hair off that, and they are warm blooded.

If you need a bit more time to make notes in your table, then pause the video and do that now.

Our next group of animals are the reptile.

So we have on the screen, some examples of reptiles.

So reptiles include things like snakes, which have no legs, but also things like crocodiles and lizards, which do have legs.

And some reptiles spend some of their time in the water.

For example, crocodiles and alligators, reptiles have dry scaly skin.

And they're, cold-blooded like fish.

So they don't have a constant body temperature.

Also, similarly to fish, they lay eggs.

Except they do they lay their eggs on the land, which is where they spend the majority of that time.

So let's recap, reptiles, lay eggs.

They have scaly skin and they are cold blooded.

Pause the video if you need some more time to fill in your table.

Our next group is birds.

So birds have feathers instead of scales or fur and almost all birds can fly.

Can you think of a bird species that can't fly? If you notice that to your screen, if you're stuck thinking about my science books.

Yes, that's right penguins can't fly, but they are birds and they lay eggs, which hatch into that offspring and they're warm blooded.

So they're similar to us.

They have a constant body temperature.

They all have two wings, two legs, and they have beaks or bills.

And we've got some examples on the screen.

So you can see there's a duck, there's a pigeon, there's a bird of prey or Hawk or some sort.

And then a brightly coloured king fisher.

Here's some recaps.

So lay eggs, feathers and warm blooded.

Pause the video now, if you need to complete your table.

Last group is amphibians.

So amphibians include things like toads and frogs.

And we have some examples of those up on the screen.

There's also a newt there.

You might have seen a newt if you have watched the movie "Matilda".

So there's a part of the movie where Matilda uses her magic powers to put a newt in Ms. Trunchbulls, glass of water that she's going to drink.

And then she freaks out.

So you might have seen an amphibian in that movie.

Amphibians are cold blooded.

They can live in land or in water.

They have a skin that is so it's not scaly.

It doesn't have feathers it doesn't have fur, but amphibians skin always needs to be kept moist or wet.

They lay their eggs in water and they young hatch and grow until they're large enough to also spend time on land.

So here's some recap, lay eggs, moist skin, and cold blooded.

You can pause the video and fill in your table now, if you haven't already.

Great, let's check our answers.

So did you get the same as me? Fish are cold blooded they have scales, they lay eggs.

And some examples you might have got different examples to me that's okay.

But two that I put are shark and goldfish.

Mammals are warm-blooded they have hair or fur.

They give birth to live young, and some examples might be humans or dogs.

Reptiles are cold and scaly they lay eggs.

They, some examples might be snakes or lizards, birds are warm-blooded they have feathers, they lay eggs and some examples might be the robin or the Hawk.

And finally amphibians are cold-blooded.

They have moist skin, they lay eggs and some examples might be frogs or newt.

If you need a little bit more time to correct your answers, then just pause the video and have a go at doing that now.

Well done, if you manage to get some of these right, good job, that means you were paying close attention while I was going through it.

We're going to move on to the last part of our lesson now, which is all about evolutionary trees.

So this is an example of an evolutionary tree.

There's a lot going on here.

So we're going to go through each part slowly.

An evolutionary tree shows us a history of how different living organisms have evolved away from each other.

So they show us the relationships between organisms. So if we imagined at the bottom of the diagram where it says vertebrae, that is where a common ancestor used to exist.

So I'm going to explain what I mean by that.

That is an organism or an animal that we evolved from over millions and millions of years.

So all of us bears and birds and crocodiles and snakes, we all originated from one common ancestor, the same species of animal.

But over millions and millions of, because of evolution, we all started to change slightly and branch off from that common ancestor into different organisms. So that's what it's showing you, those branches.

So let's have a look at what each of those little red lines mean.

The first one is vertebra.

So the first adaptation that evolved from our common ancestors was vertebra.

So first they all group backbones or spines.

Over millions of years, then you can see the next little red line says jaws.

So that was the next adaptation.

So your jaw is what allows you to open and close your mouth like this.

If you put your fingers on the side of your face here and open and close your mouth, you can feel your jaw moving.

So that means all of the animals that evolved after that time have jaws.

You can see that includes the fish, the amphibians, the mammals, the turtles.

We all have jaws, but there's one group of animals that appears before that line can you see it? It's called the jawless fish.

So they branched off and evolved in a different direction before that line.

So jawless fish don't have jaws.

And if we keep going along the evolutionary tree, we can see when different adaptations arrive.

So you can see the next one says, bony skeleton.

Now all the animals after this do have bony skeletons.

So there are some types of fish, bony fish do have it.

Amphibians mammals, et cetera, have a bony skeleton, but there's a type of fish that doesn't have a bony skeleton.

Can you read carefully on the screen and see what type of fish doesn't have it.

If, you know tell the screen.

Great, it's called cartilage struggle says cartilaginous fish.

And they are fish that have something called cartilage instead of bone.

I want you to have a go at writing down some facts that you can find out from this evolutionary tree.

So for example, you could choose one of the adaptations.

So you could choose lungs or four limbs, and you can use the tree to tell me which animals have lungs and which animals don't.

So all of the animals that come after the adaptation lungs will have them and the animals that come before won't have them.

So that's just an example.

You can break down as many facts as you want for me, pause the video and have a go now.

Great, I want to show you another thing that we can see from this evolutionary tree.

And that is the relationships between organisms. So we can see which organisms are most closely related to each other.

So you can see from this animals that are only one branch away from each other are really closely related.

So for example, if you look at, you can see that lizards and snakes are like this, they're on the fork of a branch together, which shows that lizards and snakes are really closely related.

And that makes sense, because they're in the same group they're all in the reptiles group.

I wonder, can you see two other animals that are closely related that are on the fork together? Crocodiles and buds are also really closely related.

And now that seems quite weird, doesn't it? But it's true.

Let's wrap up our lesson with a recap of our star words.

So classification is grouping organisms based on their similarities.

And that's what we spent all of today's lesson doing.

Characteristics are physical features of an organism.

So hair colour for example.

Warm blooded animals are animals that maintain a constant body temperature.

Cold blooded animals take on the temperature of their surrounding so their temperature changes.

Vertebrates are animals with a backbone.

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone.

Evolutionary trees show the evolutionary relationships between organisms. I had a really lucky lesson with you and I can't wait until our next lesson.

Have a lovely rest of your day everybody, goodbye.