Using models to explain state changes
I can explain why there is a difference in melting/boiling points between simple and giant covalent structures, and use models to show the shapes and structures of covalent substances.
Using models to explain state changes
I can explain why there is a difference in melting/boiling points between simple and giant covalent structures, and use models to show the shapes and structures of covalent substances.
These resources will be removed by end of Summer Term 2025.
Lesson details
Key learning points
- Molecular modelling represents the bonding and structure of substances.
- The way giant covalent structures melt/boil is very different to simple molecules.
- Diamond is very hard, has a very high melting point and does not conduct electricity, every atom is bonded to another.
- In graphite each atom is bonded to three others to form layers of hexagonal rings. Each atom contributes a free electron
- Simple molecules are held together by intermolecular forces, no chemical bonds hold them together.
Keywords
Simple molecular - Simple molecular substances are made up of two or more atoms covalently bonded together to form a distinct unit.
Model - Scientists use models to represent parts of the natural world that are too difficult to observe or explain directly.
Intermolecular force - Intermolecular forces are weak forces of attraction between molecules and molecular substances.
Giant covalent - A giant covalent substance has a large regular arrangement of atoms all joined together by covalent bonds.
Common misconception
Covalent bonds break in simple molecules for substances to melt/boil, because this happens in giant covalent structures.
Highlight that bonds require large amounts of energy to break, hence the very high melting points of diamond and graphite. As all atoms are bonded these must be broken to melt/boil.
Equipment
Molecular modelling kits.
Licence
This content is © Oak National Academy Limited (2024), licensed on Open Government Licence version 3.0 except where otherwise stated. See Oak's terms & conditions (Collection 2).
Lesson video
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Starter quiz
6 Questions
dot-and-cross diagram
molecular formula
ball-and-stick model
empirical formula
displayed formula
space-filling model
Exit quiz
6 Questions
doesn't conduct electricity as every atom is strongly bonded to others
hexagonal rings of carbon atoms, arranged in layers
made of simple molecules with low melting and boiling points
a mixture of carbon-containing molecules
distinct units made up of two or more atoms covalently bonded
represent parts of the natural world that are too difficult to observe
weak forces of attraction between molecules
large regular arrangement of atoms all joined by covalent bonds